Give a full reference (called a full footnote in this guide). Author names should be Initial(s). Surname (i.e. C. N. Adichie) and are not reversed (i.e. Adichie, C. N.). Many footnote systems suggest full names should be given rather than initials, however the University of Hull has decided to use initials only as many academic journals do not give full names and this would lead to inconsistency within the system. Page numbers indicating where you found the information you are referring to should be given at the end of the reference. If you want to point to a specific page in a book chapter or journal article reference, you should add a colon after the page range to do this.

Examples of a book and a journal article for single authors are given below.

N. Rogers, The press gang: naval impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain (London: Continuum, 2007), 45-47.

K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’. Social Scientist, 40, 3 (2012) 3-15:4.

Use ibid. if the source is the same as the previous citation on the same page, otherwise use the short footnote form (No 4 below). There is no rule as to how short this should be, other than to make sure it is recognisable as a specific reference.

¹ N. Rogers, The press gang: naval impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain (London: Continuum, 2007), 45-60.
² ibid., 22.
³ K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’, Social Scientist, 40, 3 (2012) 3-15:4.
⁴ Rogers, The press gang, 55.

In the bibliography, references are entered in alphabetical order with the surname first (for more than one author, only the first surname is reversed).

• Use single line spacing with hanging indents.
• Multiple entries by the same author should use a long dash (em dash) for all but the first entry (these can be inserted using Ctrl+Alt+- on your numeric keypad).
• Publishing information is not given in brackets.
• Page numbers are not needed for full books (just journal articles or book chapters/sections).

Isserman, M. & M. Kazin, America divided: the civil war of the 1960s, 3^rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Reynal-Querol, M., Religious conflict and growth: theory and evidence. PhD thesis. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2007.

— 'Ethnicity, political systems and civil war', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46 (2002), 29–54.

Where no date is known, use the abbreviation n.d.

You can also use n.p. for no publisher and n.l. for no location. Check with your department to see if these are necessary or whether you can just omit the information completely.

Many official documents and web pages do not give the actual author of the text, but publish as an organisation. If this is the case, just use the organisation name (BBC, UN Security Council etc) in place of the author initials and name.

Where the author name is not known (for instance for some reference books) and a corporate author is not clear, use the title of the work (or web page) in your footnote (if this is long you can use a shortened form):

Concise Oxford Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Gourmet coffee boom (2013). Available online: https://www.8975.co.uk/gourmet-coffee/ [Accessed 2/1/2014].

Do not use the abbreviation Anon.

If possible, you should include page numbers to point to the specific page or pages where the information you are referencing can be found. This is to help your reader locate your source material more easily. Occasionally you will be referring to a source as a whole in which case page numbers are not necessary. The page numbers should come at the end of the reference:

Full footnote:

D. Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature (London: Allen Lane, 1971), 58.

Short footnote:

Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature, 67.

With journal articles or chapters in books, where you have already given a page range, a colon separates this from the relevant page(s):

E. G. Guba, & Y. S. Lincoln, 'Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences', in N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (eds.), The landscape of qualitative research, 3rd edition. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008), 255-286:263.

G. Badley, 'The pragmatic university: a feasible utopia?', Studies in Higher Education (2014), 1-11:3-4.

Page numbers are not given in bibliography entries - only those indicating journal article and book chapter page ranges.

Sometimes you want to reference something that has been quoted, reproduced or cited in a source you have read (a secondary reference). Here are a few simple rules when dealing with them:

• If at all possible, find the original source and use that instead.
• Never pretend you have read the original source.
• Only include the book/article you have read in the reference list.
• Always make it clear in your in text or footnote that it is a secondary reference. Here are some examples:

Qutayba was quoted as saying that...²

Footnote: I. Qutayba quoted in B. Lewis, Race and slavery in the Middle East: An historical enquiry [eBook] (Oxford Scholarship Online, 1992), 25.

Alternatively, Qutayba, quoted/cited in Lewis,² suggested that ...

The Lewis book would be referenced in the footnote and bibliography.

Citing figures in written work and posters

In written work, you should always caption your figures with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions underneath figures. You should ensure your figure (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Figure Number – Title.^{Footnote number}

or

Figure Number: Title.^{Footnote number}

or

Figure Number. Title.^{Footnote number}

Example

Figure 1 - The Radcliffe Camera, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.³

You would then follow the short/long footnote citation styles in the rest of this guide.

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix figure numbers with the chapter number. For example, Figure 2.1 would be the first figure in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth figure in chapter 4.

Citing figures in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include a ^{numbered superscript} in-text citation on or near the figure. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure your image citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation. Slides do not need footnotes, but your reference list should be presented as endnotes, with the order and numbering corresponding with the numbers in your superscript in-text citations.

Example

Citing tables in written work and posters

In written work, you should always caption your tables with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions above tables. You should ensure your table (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Table Number – Title.^{Footnote number}

or

Table Number: Title^{.Footnote number}

or

Table Number. Title.^{Footnote number}

Example

Table 1 - United Kingdom population mid-year estimate.³

Year	Mid-year estimated population
2009	62,260,500
2010	62,759,500
2011	63,285,100
2012	63,705,000
2013	64,105,700
2014	64,596,800
2015	65,110,000
2016	65,648,100
2017	66,040,200
2018	66,435,600

You would then follow the short/long footnote citation styles in the rest of this guide.

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix table numbers with the chapter number. For example, Table 2.1 would be the first tble in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth table in chapter 4.

Citing tables in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include a ^{numbered superscript} in-text citation on or near the table. You should, however, ensure tables are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure your table and data citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation. Slides do not need footnotes, but your reference list should be presented as endnotes, with the order and numbering corresponding with the numbers in your superscript in-text citations.

Remember: Presentations are a visual mode of communication. You should consider presenting any tables you want to include in the form of a chart, graph or other visual.

Citing figures in written work and posters

In written work, you should always caption your figures with a label, a number, a meaningful title and a citation. Standard practice is to put captions underneath figures. If your department requires you to cite figures in your captions you should not cite figures in your footnotes or include references for figures within your bibliography . Full citation information should be presented in the figure caption, following the style of the full footnote to ensure you provide the correct information. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Figure Number – Title (Citation information).

or

Figure Number: Title (Citation information).

or

Figure Number. Title (Citation information).

Example

Figure 1 - The Radcliffe Camera, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Citation information).

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix figure numbers with the chapter number. For example, Figure 2.1 would be the first figure in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth figure in chapter 4.

Citing figures in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure brief image citations are included on the slide. 

Example

 

Citing tables in written work and posters

In written work, you should always caption your tables with a label, a number, a meaningful title and a citation. Standard practice is to put captions above tables. If your department requires you to cite tables in your captions you should not cite tables in your footnotes or include references for tables within your bibliography . Full citation information should be presented in the table caption, following the style of the full footnote to ensure you provide the correct information. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Table Number – Title (Citation information).

or

Table Number: Title (Citation information).

or

Table Number. Title (Citation information).

Example

Table 1 - United Kingdom population mid-year estimate (Citation information)

Year	Mid-year estimated population
2009	62,260,500
2010	62,759,500
2011	63,285,100
2012	63,705,000
2013	64,105,700
2014	64,596,800
2015	65,110,000
2016	65,648,100
2017	66,040,200
2018	66,435,600

You would then follow the short/long footnote citation styles in the rest of this guide.

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix table numbers with the chapter number. For example, Table 2.1 would be the first tble in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth table in chapter 4.

Citing tables in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure brief image citations are included on the slide. 

Remember: Presentations are a visual mode of communication. You should consider presenting any tables you want to include in the form of a chart, graph or other visual.

If you need to reference anything that is not already included in this guide then follow the basic template below.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author/creator, Title or description [Medium if not obvious]. Anything that identifies it specifically (Any other information about where or when you saw it or that can help someone else find it, including date).

Short footnote:

Surname of Author(s)/Creator(s), Title or description.

Bibliography entry:

Surname, Initial(s). of Author/Creator, Title or description [Medium if not obvious]. Anything that identifies it specifically. Any other information about where or when you saw it or that can help someone else find it, including date.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of book in sentence case and italics:* subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

K. Robinson, Out of our minds: learning to be creative (Capstone Publishing Ltd. 2001), 63-64.

Short footnote:

Surname, Shortened form of book title, relevant page(s)

Robinson, Out of our minds, 63-64.

Bibliography entry:

Surname, Initial(s). Title of book in sentence case and italics: subtitle if present. Publisher, Year.

Robinson, K., Out of our minds: learning to be creative. Capstone Publishing Ltd. 2001.

*Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

Full Footnote:

Initial(s). Surnames of authors, Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

For two authors use an ampersand (&) between them:

C. K. Bleser & L. J. Gordon, Intimate strategies of the Civil War: military commanders and their wives (Oxford University Press, 2006), 34.

For more than two authors, list only the first, followed by et al. (not italicised):

D. Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature (Allen Lane, 1971), 58.

Short footnote:

Bleser & Gordon, Intimate strategies, 88-89.

Daiches et al., The Penguin companion to literature, 67.

Bibliography entry:

List all the authors with the first one reversed. Don't bracket publishing information.

Bleser, C. K. & L. J. Gordon, Intimate strategies of the Civil War: military commanders and their wives. Oxford University Press, 2006.

Daiches, D., A. Thorlby, E. Mottram, M. Bradbury, J. Franco, D. R. Dudley, & D. M. Lang, The Penguin companion to literature. Allen Lane, 2006.

Put the edition number after the book title (after a comma) in the full footnotes and bibliography entry. Use the full word 'edition' not an abbreviation (to distinguish it from the abbreviation for editor):

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present, N^o edition (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

P. J. Lynch & S. Horton, Web style guide, 3^rd edition (Yale University Press, 2008), 78-79.

Short footnote:

Lynch & Horton, Web style guide, 89-91.

Bibliography entry:

Lynch, P. J. & S. Horton, Web style guide, 3^rd edition. Yale University Press, 2008.

As for an authored book with the addition of (ed.) or (eds.) after editor name(s) in full footnotes and bibliography entries.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of editor(s) (ed(s).), Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

P. Hacket (ed.), The Andy Warhol diaries (Penguin Classics, 2010), 66.

A. Bradley & A. DuBois (eds.), The anthology of rap (Yale University Press, 2010), 42-43.

Short footnote:

Hacket, The Andy Warhol diaries, 66.

Bradley & DuBois, The anthology of rap, 42-43.

Bibliography entry:

Hacket, P. (ed.), The Andy Warhol diaries. Penguin Classics, 2010.

Bradley, A. & A. DuBois (eds.), The anthology of rap. Yale University Press, 2010.

The name of the book, not the chapter needs to be in italics. The chapter title should be in single inverted commas. If the chapter date is different to the book publication date (e.g. for collected articles) put the book date after (ed.), before the book title. If all the page range is relevant, you can omit a specific page reference.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of chapter in sentence case'. In Editor(s) (ed(s).) Title of book in sentence case. (Publisher, Year). Page range of chapter:relevant page(s).

P. D. Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic slave trade, 1660-1807’. In W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume II: The eighteenth century (Oxford University Press, 1999), 448-456:449.

Short footnote:

Richardson, ‘British Empire’, 449.

Bibliography entry:

Richardson, P. D., ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660-1807’. In W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume II: The eighteenth century, 448-456. Oxford University Press, 1999.

There is no need to give information about which provider you accessed the eBook through. It is sufficient to indicate that it is an eBook that you have read by putting [eBook] in square brackets after the book title or edition information. URLs are not required as these are usually session specific and would not link the reader to the eBook:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book in sentence case [eBook] (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

J. L. Stein & P. R. Allen, Fundamental determinants of exchange rates [eBook] (Oxford University Press, 1998), 22.

H. Parnell, The principles of currency and exchange, 4^th edition [eBook] (J. Budd, 1805), 14-15.

Short footnote:

Stein & R. Allen, Fundamental determinants, 22.

Parnell, The principles of currency, 14-15.

Bibliography entry:

Stein, J. L. & P. R. Allen, Fundamental determinants of exchange rates [eBook]. Oxford University Press, 1998.

Parnell, H., The principles of currency and exchange, 4^th edition [eBook]. J. Budd, 1805.

As with other eBooks, it is sufficient to make it clear which version of the book you have read. This information is placed after the book title or edition information. You should include download dates if possible (versions are updated and this should be reflected). Download dates are usually the same as your purchase dates and can be found by looking back at your order history online. If you no longer have access to this information, don't worry, just give what information you have. Publisher information is often unavailable and can be omitted if this is the case (although can often be found at the end of your eReader book).

Note: Early eReader books may have location rather than page information. You can use 'loc' to indicate this if necessary.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book, eReader version (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s) or location [Downloaded date].

D. Stevenson, Story theater method: strategic storytelling in business, Kindle version (Cornelia Press, 2003), loc 211. [Downloaded 2011].

R. Sheldrake et al., Chaos, creativity and cosmic consciousness, Kobo version (Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 2001), 45. [Downloaded 4 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Stevenson, Story theater method, loc 211.

Sheldrake et al., Chaos, creativity, 45.

Bibliography entry:

Stevenson, D. Story theater method: strategic storytelling in business, Kindle version. Cornelia Press, 2003. [Downloaded 2011].

Sheldrake, R., T. McKenna & R. Abraham, Chaos, creativity and cosmic conciousness, Kobo version. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company, 2001. [Downloaded 4 Aug 2024].

You should include details for the translator and an indication of the original language. If the original was a historically significant book, include the date of the original as well as the translation.

Note if you are self-translating books or articles, please see 'Self-translated works' under 'Further guidance' towards the bottom of these guidelines.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book. Translated from language by name of translator, date if needed (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

C. Wolf, One day a year, 1960-2000. Translated from German by L. A. Bangerter (Europa Editions, 2007), 65.

J. P. Sartre, Existentialism and humanism (1946). Translated from French by P. Mairet (Metheun, 2007), 44-45.

Short footnote:

Wolf, One day a year, 65.

Sartre, Existentialism and humanism, 44-45.

Bibliography entry:

Wolf, C., One day a year, 1960-2000. Translated from German by L. A. Bangerter. Europa Editions, 2007.

Sartre, J. P., Existentialism and humanism (1946). Translated from French by P. Mairet. Metheun, 2007.

When referring to material from audiobooks, a time stamp would be needed rather than page information.

Audio book on CD:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book, [Audio CD] Version (abridged or unabridged) (Publisher, Year), Time stamp.

B. C. Tracy, Time management made simple, [Audio CD] Unabridged (Gildan Media Corporation, 2012), 22-26 min.

Short footnote:

Tracy, Time management, 22-26 min.

Bibliography entry:

Tracy, B. C.,Time management made simple, [Audio CD] Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation, 2012.

Audio book via download:

The main difference here is that you need to include a download date as versions change. Publishing cities are often not given.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of book, [Audio download]. Version (abridged or unabridged) (Publisher, Year), Time stamp. [Downloaded date].

B. C. Tracy, Time management made simple, [Audio download] Unabridged (Gildan Media Corporation, 2012), 22-26 min. [Downloaded 6 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Tracy, Time management, 22-26 min.

Bibliography entry:

Tracy, B. C.,Time management made simple, [Audio download] Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation, 2012. [Downloaded 6 Aug 2024].

**New for 2024** To enable easy retrieval, you should provide a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or a permanent URL at the end of your bibliography entry (if there is one available). A DOI is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to permanently identify and link to the article online. The DOI can usually be found in the citation information near the top of the landing page for the article, or on the first few pages of an article. If you can't find the DOI, you can look it up on the website CrossRef.org (use the "Search Metadata" option and search by title). Some older articles may give a permanent URL instead.

Many journals articles are written by multiple authors. For two authors, separate initials and surnames with an ampersand (&). For more than two authors, give the first name followed by et al. in the footnote but give all names in the bibliography entry.

If you are referring to a whole article, the article page range is sufficient; if you want to point to a specific page or page range, include this after a colon.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of article in sentence case',¹Journal title in italics, Issue information² (Year), page range³: specific page(s) if necessary.

J. M. Johnson et al. ‘Ordering disorder: The making of world politics’, Review of International Studies, 48, 4 (2022), 607-625:620.

K. N. Panikkar, ‘Literature as history of social change’, Social Scientist, 40, 3 (2012), 3-5.

Short footnote:

Johnson et al., ‘Ordering disorder’, 622.

Panikkar, ‘Literature as history’, 3.

Bibliography entry:

Remember to include a DOI or permanent URL if one is available.⁴

Johnson, J. M., V. M. Basham & O. D. Thomas, ‘Ordering disorder: The making of world politics’. Review of International Studies, 48, 4 (2022), 607-625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210522000183

Panikkar, K. N., ‘Literature as history of social change’. Social Scientist, 40, 3 (2012), 3-5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41633799

---

1. Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

2. Issue information is usually volume and issue but can sometimes be volume only or include supplement information. Occasionally it is a season (Spring, Summer etc), month or date (do not repeat the year if this is the case).

3. If a journal is an online only journal then all articles usually start with page 1. There is no need to give a page range if this is the case. Alternatively, provide the article number (starting with an 'e') if one is present.

4. The DOI should be a clickable link and therefore in the format https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx. Note that there is no full stop following the DOI or URL - this is to ensure it does not interfere with the link. Do not just copy the URL from the address bar at the top of the window. If no DOI or stated permanent/stable URL is provided, just miss it out.

The name of the reviewer is given first (and should be used in your in-text citation) rather than the author of the reviewed book. The bibliography entry will need a DOI or permanent URL if one is available. Please see the section for a journal article above for an explanation of DOIs if needed.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of reviewer, Review of Book title in italics, by Author of book. Journal Title in italics, Issue information (Year), page range:specific page cited.

A. Orleck, Review of Jewish radical feminism: Voices from the women's liberation movement, by J. Antler. American Jewish History, 103, 3 (2019), 371-373:372.

Some book reviews will have a title of their own, that is different to the book. If this is the case, add it as you would for a journal article title:

C. D. Kelso & R. R. Kelso, 'Politics and the constitution', Review of Is it time for a second constitutional convention, by Judge M. R. Wilkey. Pacific Law Journal, 27, 3 (1996), 1213-1233:1218.

Short footnote:

Orleck, Review of Jewish radical feminism, 372.

Kelso & Kelso, Politics and the constitution, 1218.

Bibliography entries:

Orleck, A., Review of Jewish radical feminism: Voices from the women's liberation movement, by J. Antler. American Jewish History, 103, 3 (2019), 371-373. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814707647.001.0001

Kelso, C. D. & R. R. Kelso, 'Politics and the constitution', Review of Is it time for a second constitutional Convention, by Judge M. R. Wilkey. Pacific Law Journal, 27, 3 (1996), 1213-1233. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/mlr/vol27/iss3/6

As with journals, it is not necessary to give the online information if you are referring to a printed article, or one that only came out in print originally:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of the author if known or newspaper title if not, 'Title of the article or column heading', Title of the newspaper (Place of publication if known). Date in full, Page number.

J. Gunn, 'Why London will have to go international', The Times (London). 28 November 1984, 17.

Cardiff Times, 'Clydach Vale Disaster', Cardiff Times. 14 May 1910, 10.

Short footnote:

Gunn, 'Why London will have to go international', 17.

Cardiff Times, 'Clydach Vale Disaster', 10.

Bibliography entry:

Gunn, J., 'Why London will have to go international', The Times. London, 28 November 1984, 17.

Cardiff Times, 'Clydach Vale Disaster', Cardiff Times. 14 May 1910, 10.

Internet editions of newspaper articles are often slightly different to the printed articles (information may be added or excluded). It is therefore important to make it clear that you have accessed the internet edition.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). and surname of the author if known or newspaper title if not, 'Title of the article', Title of the newspaper, Internet edition. Date in full. URL [Accessed date].

N. Karim, 'Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans', The Guardian, Internet edition. 4 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica [Accessed 5 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Karim, 'Giant penguin fossil'.

Bibliography entry:

Karim, N., 'Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans', The Guardian, Internet edition. 4 August 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica [Accessed 5 Aug 2024].

These are similar to printed newspaper or journal articles:

Magazines:

Online magazine articles may not show page numbers, just omit them if this is the case.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) if known or magazine title if not, 'Title of the article or comic strip', Title of the Magazine/Comic. Issue and/or date. URL if online [Accessed date if online], relevant page(s).

L. Evans & D. Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle', Fungi. 4, 4 Fall 2011, 10-12.

F. Parr, 'Stephen Sondheim memories: leading musicians and composers share their reflections on the Broadway legend', BBC Music Magazine. 2 December 2014. https://www.classical-music.com/articles/stephen-sondheim-memories-leading-musicians-and-composers-share-their-reflections-on-the-broadway-legend [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Evans & Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle'.

Parr, 'Stephen Sondheim memories'.

Bibliography entry:

Evans, L. & D. Winkler, 'Equador: into the fungal jungle', Fungi. 4, 4 Fall 2011, 10-12.

Parr, F., 'Stephen Sondheim memories: leading musicians and composers share their reflections on the Broadway legend', BBC Music Magazine. 2 December 2014. https://www.classical-music.com/articles/stephen-sondheim-memories-leading-musicians-and-composers-share-their-reflections-on-the-broadway-legend [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Comics:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) if known or comic title if not, 'Title of the article or comic strip', Title of the Magazine/Comic. Issue and/or date, page number if relevant.>

Beano, 'Minnie the Minx', The Beano. No 3000, 15 January 2000, 2.

C. Cooper, 'T'Priell Revealed Pt 2', Star Trek, Starfleet Academy. February 1998.

Short footnote:

Beano, 'Minnie the Minx', 2.

Cooper, 'T'Priell Revealed'.

Bibliography entry:

Beano, 'Minnie the Minx', The Beano. No 3000, 15 January 2000, 2.

Cooper, C., 'T'Priell Revealed Pt 2', Star Trek, Starfleet Academy. February 1998.

The way we reference Acts changed in 1963. Before that, the year of reign of the monarch (regnal year) needs to be included:

Prior to 1963

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Name of Act including year (short title with key words capitalised). Regnal year, Chapter Number. URL [Accessed date].

Friendly Societies Act 1955. 4 Elizabeth II, Chapter 19. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/4-5/19 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Since 1963

Full footnote and bibliography entry:

Name of Act including year (short title with key words capitalised). Chapter Number. URL [Accessed date].

Criminal Justice Act 2003. Chapter 44. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44 [Accessed 10 Jul 2024].

If you wish to refer to a particular section (known as a schedule) or paragraph you can add that extra information to your footnote:

Criminal Justice Act 2003. Chapter 44, s35(122) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44 [Accessed 10 Jul 2024].

Short footnotes (for both time periods):

Criminal Justice Act 2003, s35(122).

Column numbers are displayed in the right-hand pane of the Hansard website when viewing a debate. You may find older debates do not contain column numbers. You will need to look at debates in full screen on your device; otherwise, columns may not be visible.

If the abbreviations HC for House of Commons and HL for House of Lords are known in your discipline, you may use these abbreviations in your footnotes. See the first example.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

House of debate or committee, ‘Title of session or debate’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates. Date in full, volume, col/cols column range if available. URL [Accessed date].

HC, ‘Royal Air Force (Valiant Aircraft)’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 1 February 1965, cols 724-727. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1965-02-01/debates/501c2576-94bc-44a2-a94f-76eaebe40d3e/RoyalAirForce(ValiantAircraft) [Accessed 3 Mar 2024].

Delegated Legislation Committee, ‘Draft Legal Services Act 2007 (Approved Regulator) Order 2020’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 24 February 2020, 672, cols 1-4. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmgeneral/deleg7/110331/110331s01.htm [Accessed 23 Jan 2024].

House of Lords, ‘Smart motorways’, Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 17 March 2020, 802, cols 1372-1374. https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-03-17/debates/119AD084-E4CF-4BE3-BA98-AD0032873AC7/SmartMotorways [Accessed 3 Apr 2024].

Short footnotes:

HC, ‘Royal Air Force (Valiant Aircraft)’.

Delegated Legislation Committee, ‘Draft Legal Services Act 2007'.

House of Lords, ‘Smart motorways’.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Title with key words capitalised (including bracketed information if present) (SI Year and Number) URL [Accessed date].

The Criminal Justice (Sentencing) (Licence Conditions) Order 2003 (SI 2003/3337) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/3337/made [Accessed 4 Oct 2023].

The Openness of Local Government Bodies Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/2095) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111113554 [Accessed 28 Nov 2023].

Short footnote:

Criminal Justice Order 2003.

Openness of Local Government 2014.

Legal citation takes a particular format and should be used for both full footnote and bibliography entries. For ease of access, we recommend adding URLs.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Names of the parties involved (these could be letters if anonymised). Year of reporting - in square brackets or round brackets* Volume number Abbreviation of the law report series, First page of reference. URL [Accessed date].

Callery v Gray (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER, 1. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/callery-v-gray-no-793304177 [Accessed 7 Jul 2024].

F v Leeds City Council [1994] 2 FCR, 428. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/f-v-leeds-city-792936693 [Accessed 4 Aug 2024].

Brown v Board of Education (1954) 347 U.S., 483. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/ [Accessed 23 Dec 2023].

In the example above All ER = All England Law Reports, FCR = Family Court Reports and U.S. = United States Reports.

 

Note Short footnotes should just use the names i.e. Callery v Gray. Dates can be included if needed to distinguish cases only.

*Square brackets are used when the date is the primary method for finding the case (in the examples above there are more than one volume 4 and 2 in those report series). Round brackets are used when the date is not necessary to find the case (there is only one volume 347 in the United States Reports).

You need to include the official number of the paper (usually found at the bottom left of the front cover):

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Initial(s). Surname of Author(s)ship, Title of document. Official number. URL [Accessed date].

The British Museum, Report and accounts for the year ended 31st March 2014. HC 436. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a75857040f0b6360e474c12/41272_HC_436_British_Museum_print_ready.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb 2024].

HM Government, Open Data White Paper: Unleashing the potential. Cm 8353. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-white-paper-unleashing-the-potential [Accessed 7 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

The British Museum, Report and accounts.

HM Government, Open Data White Paper.

You need to include the identifying letters and numbers (which include the year), they come before the title:

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Standards Institution, Letters and numbers of standard: Full title of standard in italics. Edition if given (i.e. not the first) (Year). URL [Accessed date].

International Standards Office ISO 50001:2018: Energy management systems: requirements with guidance for use. Edition 2 (2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/69426.html [Accessed 16 Mar 2024].

British Standards Institution BS ISO 690:2021 - TC: Information and documentation. Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources (2021). https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/information-and-documentation-guidelines-for-bibliographic-references-and-citations-to-information-resources-1 [Accessed 23 Nov 2023].

Short footnote:

Abbreviations for institutions can be used, alongside the identifying number.

ISO, ISO 50001:2011.

BSI, BS ISO 690:2010.

If the patent is available online, show where and when you accessed it.

Full footnote:

Inventor Initials. Surname, Title of patent (Country granting patent, Patent number, Year). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s).

E. Borgen, Wind turbine rotor with improved hub system (UK Patent GB2495084, 2013). https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2495084 [Accessed 24 Mar 2024].

S. Karsten, Wind turbine tower and method of production thereof (US Patent US2014237919(A1), 2014). https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=20140828&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=2014237919A1&KC=A1&ND=5 [Accessed 11 Jul 2024].

Short footnote:

Borgen, Wind turbine rotor.

Karsten, Wind turbine tower.

Bibliography entry:

Reverse the first name and remove brackets around patent information.

Borgen, E., Wind turbine rotor with improved hub system. UK Patent GB2495084, 2013. https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2495084 [Accessed 24 Mar 2024].

Karsten, S., Wind turbine tower and method of production thereof. US Patent US2014237919 (A1), 2014. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=47&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20140828&CC=US&NR=2014237919A1&KC=A1 [Accessed 11 Jul 2024].

Full footnote:

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document. Official number (year if not in title). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s) if necessary.

CEC, Communication. Further guidance on allocation plans. COM(2005)703 final (2005). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0703:FIN:en:PDF [Accessed 27 Jun 2024], 3-4.

European Council, Special meeting of the European Council (16 July 2014). EUCO 147/14. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2014/07/16/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

CEC, Communication, 3-4.

European Council, Special meeting.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from around separate year if included.

CEC, Communication. Further guidance on allocation plans. COM(2005)703 final. 2005. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2014/07/16/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

The United Nations produce both internal documents and external publications. These include resolutions, statements, reports etc. Titles could be long, sometimes (as for statements) the actual document does not say what they are about in their title but the initial link to them does. It is hard to produce a template that covers them all, but use the basic one below as guidance, adapting it as needed for the document in question.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Name of institution/committee (common abbreviations acceptable), Title of document (Full date of document, Official number). URL [Accessed date].

UN Secretary General, Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: report of the Secretary-General (21 December 2017, A/72/662). https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1474584 [Accessed 5 Apr 2024].

UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council on the Middle East (22 December 2010, S/PRST/2010/30). https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2010/30 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

UN Security Council, Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Mali (18 August 2014, SC/11523, AFR/2951, PKO/426). https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2014/sc11523.doc.htm [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

UN Secretary General, Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.

UN Security Council, Statement by the President.

UN Security Council, Security Council Press Statement.

First, make sure your source is not actually one of the document types shown above (Acts, Command papers etc). If not, follow the guidance below.

If you are accessing information from a GOV.UK website it will either be a downloadable document (usually pdf) or information on the page itself. They are generally referenced like any other pdf or website.

Downloadable document

Documents are often written by sub-sections of the Government and it is best to use these as the author rather than simply HM Government if applicable. If there is a common abbreviation for the department etc, you can use this as long as you have written it IN FULL followed by the abbreviation in brackets in the main body of the document i.e. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The basic templates below can be used:

Full footnote:

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document (Year or more specific date on the document if given). URL [Accessed date].

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow summary (1-7 May 2019). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/800875/Rainfall_and_river_flow_summary_1_to_7_May_2019.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2024].

DEFRA, Notifiable avian disease control strategy for Great Britain (2018). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/737992/notifiable-avian-disease-control-strategy-2018.pdf [Accessed 15/5/2019].

HM Government, 2050 pathways analysis: Response to the call for evidence, Part 1 (March 2011). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68821/2050-pathways-analysis-response-pt1.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2024].

Short footnote:

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow.

DEFRA, Notifiable avian disease control.

HM Government, 2050 pathways analysis

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but remove brackets around year/date, precede it with a comma instead.

Environment Agency, Weekly rainfall and river flow summary, 1-7 May 2019. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68821/2050-pathways-analysis-response-pt1.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2024].

Webpage

Full footnote:

Many GOV.UK pages show which department or agency has written the guidance and this should be used as the author if present. If not, use HM Government. Follow the same principles as for the downloadable documents above regarding common abbreviations of departments etc. There is usually a published date or last updated date at the bottom of the webpage. Use whichever year is the later. If no date is given, use the abbreviation n.d.

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of web page in sentence case (Year). URL [Accessed date].

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills: How costs to the consumer are affected by changes in energy and climate policy (2014). https://www.gov.uk/guidance/policy-impacts-on-prices-and-bills [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

HM Government, Foster carers: Types of foster care (n.d.). https://www.gov.uk/foster-carers/types-of-foster-care [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

Short footnote

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills.

HM Government, Foster carers.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but remove brackets around year, precede it with a comma instead.

BEIS, Policy impacts of prices and bills: How costs to the consumer are affected by changes in energy and climate policy, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/policy-impacts-on-prices-and-bills [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

There are so many different non-governmental organisations that a fixed template is difficult to create. Adapt the one below as necessary, trying to keep the styling consistent:

Full footnote:

Name of organisation - common abbreviations acceptable, Title of document (Full date of document, Official number if given). (Publisher if provided). URL [Accessed date].

UNESCO, Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all; EFA global monitoring report, 2013-2014 (UNESCO Publishing). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002256/225660e.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

The World Bank, Brazil: Implementation Status and Results, Development Policies for the State of Sergipe (18 August 2014, P129652, Report No ISR15802). https://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/LCR/2014/08/18/090224b082652070/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Brazil000Devel0Report000Sequence003.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Danish Refugee Council, Strategic Programme Document - DRC/DDG in Libya and Tunisia (4 September 2009). https://drc.dk/fileadmin/uploads/pdf/IA_PDF/North_Africa/2014.04.09_SPD_-_Libya_Tunisia_-_2014.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

UNESCO, Teaching and learning.

The World Bank, Brazil: Implementation Status.

Danish Refugee Council, Strategic Programme Document

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but remove brackets around publisher if present.

UNESCO, Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all; EFA global monitoring report, 2013-2014. UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002256/225660e.pdf [Accessed 22/8/2014].

You may have attended a conference in person or be accessing resources shared online. Always give links to online materials including videos if possible, even if you attended personally and are using your own notes or photographs, as this aids access.

Conference paper:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of paper in sentence case',* Title of conference: subtitle if present. Location and date of conference, page range:relevant page(s) if necessary.

K. Saidin, 'Insider researchers: Challenges & opportunities', International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research. Universiti Utara Malaysia, 25-27 October 2017.

Short footnote:

Saidin, 'Insider researchers'.

Bibliography entry:

Just put first author surname before their initial and add a DOI if provided:

Saidin K., 'Insider researchers: Challenges & opportunities', International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research. Universiti Utara Malaysia, 25-27 October 2017. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.563

Conference session:

These could be any session at a conference not described as a paper, for example workshops, panel discussions, keynote speeches etc. Just put an appropriate description in square brackets after the session name. If a keynote speech has no separate title, use 'Keynote speech' as the title and omit the descriptor.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s)/presenter(s), 'Title of the session' [Descriptor], Title of conference: subtitle if present. Location and date of conference. DOI or URL (if there is one) [Accessed date if URL - not needed if DOI].

H. Cengiz, 'Keynote speech', The Trust Conference. London, 23-26 October 2023. https://youtu.be/dceLkHNNy_I [Accessed 21 July 2024].

Short footnote:

Cengiz, 'Keynote speech'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with initial before surname:

Cengiz, H., 'Keynote speech', The Trust Conference. London, 23-26 October 2023. https://youtu.be/dceLkHNNy_I [Accessed 21 July 2024].

Conference poster

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), 'Title of poster' [Conference poster]. Title of conference: subtitle if present, Location and date of conference. URL if available online [Accessed date].

V. Cardoso, & L. Plesca, 'Natalizumab - Real World Data - Switching from IV infusions to Subcutaneous injection. Patient experience' [Conference poster]. Multiple Scleroses Trust Annual Conference, Hinckley Island, 26-28 March 2023. https://mstrust.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-06/conference-2023-poster-natalizumab-switching-iv-sub-injection.pdf [Accessed 20 Sep 2024].

Short footnote

Cardoso & Plesca, 'Natalizumab'.

Printed report

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author/Organisation, Full title of report (Publisher if given and not same as author, Year if not in title), relevant page(s).

BT Group plc, Annual report and Form 20-F 2014, 12.

Short footnote:

BT Group plc, Annual report 2014, 12.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote with brackets removed from year if given separately and first author surname first if not a group author.

Online report

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author/Organisation, Full title of report (Publisher if given and not the same as author, Year if not in title). URL [Accessed date], Relevant page(s).

NHS England, Everyone counts: planning for patients 2014/15 to 2018/19) (NHS Commissioning Board, 2013). https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2024], 16-17.

Short footnote:

NHS, Everyone counts, 9.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote with brackets removed from publisher information.

NHS England, Everyone counts: planning for patients 2014/15 to 2018/19. NHS Commissioning Board, 2013. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid.pdf [Accessed 12/9/2014], 16-17.

Government/NGO Reports

These are slightly different - see section above.

Give the following information (URL is optional as older thesis may only be available in print).

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of dissertation/thesis. Document type (Name of University, date on document). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s).

B. H. Stern, The impact of leadership on school improvement. EdD thesis (The University of Hull. August 2013). https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8431 [Accessed 21 Aug 2024], 234.

R. J. Walsh, Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy 1467-1477 and Italy. PhD thesis (The University of Hull, 1977), 45.

Short footnote:

Stern, The impact of leadership, 234.

Walsh, Charles the Bold, 45.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from awarding university and date:

Walsh, R. J. Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy 1467-1477 and Italy. PhD thesis. The University of Hull, 1977.

When referencing texts such as the Bible, Qur'an or Torah, include the following information and give Book. Sura or Chapter:verse instead of page numbers:

Full footnote:

Title of the version you have used. Translated by name of translater (if given) (Publisher, Year), relevant section(s)

The Holy Bible: Authorised King James Version. (Harper Collins, 2011), Philippians. 4:13.

The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics). Translated by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (Oxford University Press, 2004), Miriam. 19:25.

The Torah: the five books of Moses. Translated by J. P. S. Greenberg & M. Greenberg (The Jewish Publication Society, 2000), Leviticus. 19:1-2.

Short footnote:

Give the name of the text only with relevant section:

The Torah, Genesis. 1:26.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from publishing information

The Torah: the five books of Moses. Translated by J. P. S. Greenberg & M. Greenberg. The Jewish Publication Society, 2000.

PDF documents are nearly always accessed online, and so you can point readers to the URL along with other information. If the URL is unavailable (for instance if you have been emailed it) or if you have no publisher information, just give as much information as you have or can find.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of document (City published: Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date], relevant page(s) if necessary.

S. Godin, Stop stealing dreams: what is school for? (Do You Zoom, Inc, 2012). https://www.sethgodin.com/sg/docs/stopstealingdreamsscreen.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024], 3-4.

H. M. Government, The coalition: our programme for government (Cabinet Office, 2010). https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/ coalition_programme_for_government.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Godin, Stop stealing dreams, 6.

H. M. Government, The coalition.

Bibliography entry:

Godin, S., Stop stealing dreams: what is school for?. Do You Zoom, Inc, 2012. https://www.sethgodin.com/sg/docs/stopstealingdreamsscreen.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

H. M. Government, The coalition: our programme for government. Cabinet Office, 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/ coalition_programme_for_government.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

For leaflets, handouts, flyers etc just provide what information you can:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author/organisation, Title of document [Media] (Other useful details).

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching and Student Experience Strategy 2012-15 [Booklet] (University of Hull, 2012).

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation not profit [Leaflet] (2014).

Short footnote:

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching.

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation.

Bibliography entry:

Don't bracket the details.

University of Hull, Learning, Teaching and Student Experience Strategy 2012-15 [Booklet]. University of Hull, 2012.

The Deep, The Deep: for conservation not profit [Leaflet]. 2014.

Archive material is often unique: books could be annotated etc which means that the collection that they came from is equally as important as the document details. They will often not have page numbers, but where there are, include the relevant page(s).

Initial(s). Surname of author/organisation, Title of document, Edition (publisher information if relevant, Year) [Medium]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, name of library/archive, location).

P. A. Larkin, Workbook No 1 (1950) [Manuscript]. Papers of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DPL/1/1, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

R. Smyth & H. E. L. Thuilier, A manual of surveying for India: detailing the mode of operations on trigonametrical, topographical and revenue surveys of India, 2nd Edition (London: W. Thacker and Co., 1855) [Book]. Monograph, mg NO2/24Z3, Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers Archive, London, 44.

W. Wilberforce, Letter to James Thomson Esq (1816) [Letter]. William Wilberforce letters, L DFWW/1/10, Hull Local Studies Library, Hull History Centre.

Working papers may also be known as briefing papers, discussion papers or research papers. They are created to generate discussion within a particular community (research area, business area etc). They are often the pre-publication versions of papers that are waiting to be accepted in journals but some are written purely for circulation as they are. Note that they are not peer-reviewed.

Some working papers do not give a lot of information - just give as much as you can following this basic format.

Full footnote

Author, Title of the working paper. Series title and number if there is one (Publisher if given, Year). URL [Accessed date].

R. S. Kaplan, Reverse the curse of the top-5. Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper No. 19-052 (2018). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3274782 [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

R. Harrison & R. Thomas, Monetary financing with interest-bearing money. Staff Working Paper No. 785 (Bank of England, 2019). https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2019/monetary-financing-with-interest-bearing-money [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Short footnote

Kaplan, Reverse the curse.

Harrison & Thomas, Monetary financing.

Bibliography entry

Kaplan, R. S. Reverse the curse of the top-5. Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper No. 19-052. 2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3274782 [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Harrison, R. & R. Thomas, Monetary financing with interest-bearing money. Staff Working Paper No. 785. Bank of England, 2019. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2019/monetary-financing-with-interest-bearing-money [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

First, please note that a website URL is NEVER a suitable reference on its own. Dates can often be found in copyright information at the bottom of the page. If a range is given, use the later year. Use n.d. if no date is given at all.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) or company name, Title of web page in sentence case (Date).* URL [Accessed date].

Individual Author(s)

G. Reynolds, Design tips (2021). https://www.garrreynolds.com/design-tips/ [Accessed 27 Mar 2024].

Group or company author

University of Hull, Model publication scheme (2024). https://www.hull.ac.uk/legal/model-publication-scheme [Accessed 26 Mar 2024].

Short footnote:

Reynolds, Design tips.

University of Hull, Model publication scheme.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but put the author surname first and don't put dates in brackets.

---

*Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

Blogs are often unsubstantiated opinions and should be used with appropriate criticality as academic references. However, some reputable, published authors have their own blogs which can provide useful, up to date comments and insights. Include the following information:

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of blog post' [Blog post], Title of website or blog. Date of post. URL [Accessed date].

P. Thompson, 'Reading against the literatures' [Blog post], Patter. 13 Jun 2020. https://patthomson.net/2020/01/27/im-writing-a-journal-article-what-literatures-do-i-choose/ [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

G. Reynolds, 'Presentation advice from Master Yoda' [Blog post], Garr Reynolds blog. 10 November 2021. https://www.garrreynolds.com/blog/presentation-advice-from-master-yoda [Accessed 16 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Thompson, 'Reading against the literatures'.

Reynolds, 'Presentation advice'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with author surname first.

Quite often you are referring to an answer rather than a question in a forum, however, it is the question that you reference in this case. Always check the expertise of the answerer and use with caution and criticality. Author names are usually aliases, type them as they appear.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of post' (often a question), Title of Forum. Date of post. URL [Accessed date].

jlawler, 'Can the term "homorganic" be applied to vowels and glides?', Linguistics Stack Exchange. 8 August 2014. https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/8764/can-the-term-homorganic-be-applied-to-vowels-and-glides [Accessed 8/8/2014].

Short footnote:

jlawler, 'Can the term homorganic'.

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is often shorter than the one in the address bar (you can even delete everything after the '?' in the link):

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Name of person posting video, Title of video, Series title if relevant. Date uploaded [Video]. URL [Accessed Date].

M. E. Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman - The Last Journey of a Genius. 23 April 2011 [Video]. https://youtu.be/Mn4_40hAAr0 [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Harvard University, Episode 02: Putting a price tag on life, Justice: What's the right thing to do? 8 September 2009 [Video]. https://youtu.be/0O2Rq4HJBxw [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman.

Harvard University, Putting a price tag on life.

For other social media, adapt whichever of the following is most appropriate.

Facebook

If your reader needs to register (and be accepted) to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work. In this case, add 'see appendix n' in your footnote.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title of Page (could just be author's timeline) [Facebook]. Date posted. URL [Accessed date].

G. Reynolds, Garr Reynolds Timeline [Facebook]. 10 August 2014. https://www.facebook.com/garr.reynolds [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

RSPB, How to put up a swift nest box [Facebook]. 31 July 2024. https://www.facebook.com/TheRSPB [Accessed 9 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Reynolds, Garr Reynolds Timeline.

RSPB, How to put up a swift nest box.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first if a standard author name and link should be a hyperlink.

Twitter

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, Full text of tweet (as written) [Twitter]. Date posted. URL [Accessed date].

N. Glass, wondering just how far this moment is from dreams I've had. it all feels vaguely familiar yet completely foreign. resisting tears. so tired [Twitter]. 30 March 2009. https://twitter.com/noah/status/1422661056 [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Glass, wondering just how far.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first if a standard author name and link should be a hyperlink.

If your reader needs to subscribe to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work. In this case, add 'see appendix n' in your footnote.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Subject line', Title of mailing list. Date of message. Available online: URL [Accessed date].

C. Keenan, 'Peer led academic learning and disability', Learning Development in Higher Education Network. 8 August 2014. ldhen@jiscmail.ac.uk [Accessed 13 Jul 2024].

Short footnote:

Keenan, 'Peer led academic learning'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first if a standard author name and link should be a hyperlink.

Always check first that referring to AI generated text or images is permitted in your work. If it is, include the following information:

Full footnote and bibliography entry:

Communicator, Description of communication [Communication type]. Prompted by name/handle (if not self), Date and time of communication.

ChatGPT, Tension in colonial history [AI generated text]. Prompted by Alice Smith. 24 May 2023, 18:05.

Short footnote:

ChatGPT, Tension in colonial history.

When you use any form of secondary data in your assignment, you need to reference the data source. When using data, for the creation of a figure, you would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

For citing data in your footnotes and bibliography, give as much of the following information as is relevant.

Full footnote:

Created with (insert software), data from Creator/Producer, 'Data or dataset title' [data format], Product or database or repository or website name, version or date or identifier (Publisher, Year), relevant page(s).

Created with Microsoft Excel, data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 'Japan: Gross domestic product' [Table], National Accounts of OECD Countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1973), 331-346.

Created with Stata 16, data from G. H. Gallup (ed), '1943, January, Bread rationing' [Poll results], The Gallup international public opinion polls, Great Britain 1937-1975 Volume 1 (Random House, 1976), 71.

Short footnote:

Not applicable, see above.

Bibliography entry:

You do not need the 'created with' information, surname comes first if applicable and brackets removed from publishing information:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 'Japan: Gross domestic product' [Table] National Accounts of OECD Countries. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1973, 331-346.

Gallup, G. H. (ed), '1943 January, Bread rationing' [Poll results], The Gallup international public opinion polls, Great Britain 1937-1975, Volume 1. Random House, 1976.

Citing data as part of a self-made graph, chart or other visual

If you have used secondary data to produce a graph, chart or other visual, you should prefix your footnote with a relevant statement i.e. Created with X, data from. See above footnotes for examples.

When you use any form of secondary data in your assignment, you need to reference the data source. When using data, for the creation of a figure, you would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

For citing data in your footnotes and bibliography, give as much of the following information as is relevant.

Full footnote:

Created with (insert software), data from Creator/Producer, 'Data or dataset title' [data format], Product or database or repository or website name, version or date or identifier (Year if not already given). URL [Downloaded date].

Created with IMB SPSS, data from University of Hull, 'Raw dune PIV data' [MATLAB], University of Hull Hydra Digital Repository hull:16477 (2018). https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16477 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Created with Microsoft Excel, data from L. F. Pearson, 'Hull Low Energy Housing Project : Social survey' [Data collection], UK Data Service, SN: 1589 (1981). https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-1589-1 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Created with Tableau, data from Office for National Statistics, 'Gross Domestic Product: Quarter on Quarter growth: CVM SA %' [Excel spreadsheet], Census 2021, Release 28 June 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihyq/qna/previous [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Short footnote:

Not applicable, see above.

Bibliography entry:

You do not need the 'created with' information, surname comes first if application and brackets are removed from around the year:

University of Hull, 'Raw dune PIV data' [MATLAB], University of Hull Hydra Digital Repository, hull:16477. 2018. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16477 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Pearson, L. F., 'Hull Low Energy Housing Project : Social survey' [Data collection], UK Data Service, SN: 1589. 1981. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-1589-1 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Office for National Statistics, 'Gross Domestic Product: Quarter on Quarter growth: CVM SA %' [Excel spreadsheet], Census 2021, Release 28 June 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihyq/qna/previous [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Citing data as part of a self-made graph, chart or other visual

If you have used secondary data to produce a graph, chart or other visual, you should prefix your footnote with a relevant statement i.e. Created with X, data from. See above footnotes for examples.

When you create a map that you include in your assignment, you only need to reference the data source and the tool you used (it is your own work after all). You can find a lot of the information that you need for referencing when you view your basket. You would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

Full footnote:

Created with (insert software), data from Producer [data format] Scale, Tile(s). Product name, date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Created with ArcGis, data from Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

Created with TerraView, data from British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Not applicable, see above.

Bibliography entry:

You do not need the 'created with' information.

Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

You should reference every photograph you use unless you took it yourself. Give the following information:

Online photographs

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Photographer, (Initial(s). Surname if available, username if not), Title of photograph in italics (or description if none available). Date taken/uploaded if given [Photograph]. URL [Accessed date].

keithhull, Hull is the new UK City of Culture for 2017. 21 April 2009 [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/21506908@N07/3478651395 [Accessed 14 Aug 2024].

P. Harrop, Plinth and Maritime Museum, Hull. 2012 [Photograph]. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2843877 [Accessed 14 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

keithhull, Hull is the new UK City of Culture.

Harrop, Plinth and Maritime Museum.

Prints, slides or negatives (in known collections)

Full footnote:

Photographer, Title of photograph in italics. Date taken if not in title [Photograph]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, location, name of library/archive).

P. A. Larkin, Negative of [Monica Jones] on a ferry. 1970s [Photograph]. Photographs of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DLV/2/1/30, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

R. T. Watson, Hull City Football Team 1906-7 taken at Anlaby Road Hull the City football ground [Photograph]. Records of the Copyright Office, Stationers' Company, Copy 1/506/148, The National Archives, Kew.

Short footnote:

Larkin, Negative of [Monica Jones].

Watson, Hull City Football Team.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first.

Prints, slides or negatives (not in collections)

Full footnote:

Photographer, Title of photograph (or description if none available). Date taken if known [Photograph] (Publisher if available).

J. A. Bartram, Bluebells in North Cliffe Woods. May 2012 [Photograph].

Short footnote:

Bartram, Bluebells.

Bibliography entry:

Bartram, J. A. Bluebells in North Cliffe Woods. May 2012 [Photograph].

If the illustration/figure/table is created by the author (basically not attributed to anyone else) then just cite the book as normal, giving the appropriate page number. If the image is attributed to someone else, the footnote would include both the person responsible for the image and the author(s) of the book. The bibliography entry would list the book, not the specific illustration.

Full footnote:

Creator, 'Title of illustration'. In Author (or Editors (ed(s).) Title of book in sentence case. (Publisher, Year). Page displaying illustration.

M. E. Turgot & L. Bretez, 'Plan de Paris'. In E. R. Tufte, Envisioning information (Graphics Press, 1990), 36.

Short footnote:

Turgot & Bretez, 'Plan de Paris', 36.

Bibliography entry:

Tufte, E. R., Envisioning information. Graphics Press, 1990.

Give as much as the following information as you can find (online information optional):

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of artist, 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon], Title of publication, Date published. URL [Accessed date].

M. Rawson, 'Wealth inequality' [Cartoon], The Guardian, 29 July 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cartoon/2014/jul/29/martin-rowson-rich-wealth-good-inequality-cuts [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

Rawson, 'Wealth inequality'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with name reversed (Rawson, M.,) and link should be a hyperlink.

Give as much of the following information as you can find. If available online, add URL [Accessed date]:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of artist, Title of work. Year created if known [Medium]. Institution/collection, City (or Location, Exhibition, dates of exhibition).

T. Denison, Clippers on the Humber [Original Watercolour]. Myton Gallery, Hull.

B. Cook, Tommy Dancing. 2008 [Oil]. Hull Maritime Museum, Working Hard, Playing Hard, 5 April - 8 June 2014.

B. Gold, Alien. 1979 [Poster]. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11145730/Alien-Ridley-Scott-poster.html [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

Denison, Clippers on the Humber.

Cook, Tommy Dancing.

Gold, Alien.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first and any links should be hyperlinks.

Include as much of the following information as you can find:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of artist, Title of the work. Year created if different from year seen [Medium]. Name of collection/exhibition information or Location (include date seen for temporary installations).

H. S. Moore, Large Totem Head. 1968 [Bronze Sculpture]. Yorkshire Sculpture Park.

S. Producoes, Colourful Canopies of Umbrellas [Installation]. Agueda, Portugal, July 2013.

Short footnote:

Moore, Large Totem Head.

Producoes, Colourful Canopies of Umbrellas.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote but with surname first (Moore, H. S.,).

Ordnance Survey map

Full footnote and bibliography entry:

Ordnance Survey, Title of map. Edition if not first. Map/sheet number, Scale. Map series if appropriate (Publisher, Year).

Ordnance Survey, Kingston Upon Hull. Ed C2. 107, 1:50 000. Landranger series (Ordnance Survey, 2006).

Short footnote:

Ordnance Survey, Kingston Upon Hull.

Other map

Full footnote and bibliography entry:

Map producer, Title of map, Edition if not first. Map/sheet number, Scale (Publisher, Year).

International Travel Maps, South America, 5th edition. ITM.875, 1:4 000 000 (ITMB Publishing, 2008).

M. D. Max, C. B. Long & C. V. MacDermot, Bedrock Geology of North Mayo, Sheet 6, 1:100,000 (Geological Survey of Ireland, 1992).

Short footnote:

International Travel Maps, South America.

Max et al., Bedrock Geology.

Atlas

Reference as a standard book, giving scales if relevant. For a specific page, include the page number at the end of the footnotes only.

Full footnote

Author Title of atlas, Edition if not first. Scale if provided (Publisher, Year). Specific page if relevant.

R. Butler, Atlas of Kenya (Survey of Kenya, 1959). 7

L. Bossard, Regional atlas on West Africa [eBook] (OECD Publishing, 2009).

Short footnote:

Butler, Atlas of Kenya.

Bossard, Regional atlas on West Africa.

Bibliography entry:

Butler, R., Atlas of Kenya, Survey of Kenya, 1959. 7

Bossard, L., Regional atlas on West Africa [eBook], OECD Publishing, 2009.

These guidelines are for maps that are viewed, annotated or printed

Digimap does have a citation generator, but this provides a citation that is not consistent with the rest of our scheme so we do not recommend you use it (although it can sometimes be useful to confirm information).

Digimaps are generated by you, so you will have to give a description of the map that makes it clear what it is showing as its title. Other information can be found by clicking on Map Information on the left of your screen or for some services, clicking the Sheet Information button (i) and then clicking on the map. The publisher is usually the copyright holder (check the bottom of the map). The citation year should be from the map date, if no map date is available, use the copyright date.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Map publisher, Title/description of map. Scale. Source (Map Product), Year of original map. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Ordnance Survey, Kingston upon Hull. 1:100 000. EDINA Digimap (OS Strategi), 2014. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Landmark Information Group, Barmby Moor, East Yorkshire. 1:2 500. National Grid Tile SE7748, EDINA Historic Digimap Service, 1971. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Natural Environment Research Council, Vale of Pickering. 1:50 000. EDINA Geology Digimap Service (British Geological Survey), 2014. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

Ordnance Survey, Kingston upon Hull.

Landmark Information Group, Barmby Moor.

Natural Environment Research Council, Vale of Pickering.

When you create a map that you include in your assignment, you only need to reference the data source and the tool you used (it is your own work after all). You can find a lot of the information that you need for referencing when you view your basket. You would give the figure a name (Figure 1 - title) and add your footnote after the title. Subsequent citations would refer to Figure 1 and not the data directly so short footnotes are not needed.

Full footnote:

Created with (insert software), data from Producer [data format] Scale, Tile(s). Product name, Date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Created with ArcGis, data from Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

Created with TerraView, data from British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

Short footnote:

Not applicable, see above.

Bibliography entry:

You do not need the 'created with' information.

Ordnance Survey [DWG geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

British Geological Survey [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 May 2024].

URLs can be found for specific map views by clicking the Share button in each case. In Bing maps the URL is shown, in Google maps you will need to right-click on the Google Maps link (if you have searched, the link may be your search term) and and choose to copy the link address.

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Map provider, Description of map, View information. URL [Accessed date].

Google Maps, Humber Dock Marina, Satellite view. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.73926,-0.3387019,622m/data=!3m1!1e3 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Bing Maps, The University of Hull campus, Bird's eye view. https://binged.it/1tkVlri [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Google Maps, Humber Dock Marina.

Bing Maps, The University of Hull campus.

Reference as for a film or TV show (see section below) but make it clear in the square brackets that the resource is a still image:

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. Directed by Matt Reeves [Still from film] (20th Century Fox, 2014).

'Chapter 2', House of Cards, season 1, episode 2. Directed by David Fincher. Written by Beau Willimon [Still from TV programme] (Netflix, 1 February 2014).

Film

Full footnote:

Title in italics. Directed by Director name [Medium] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release).

Good Morning, Vietnam. Directed by Barry Levinson [DVD] (Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 1998).

Good Will Hunting. Directed by Gus Van Sant [Blu-ray] (Lions Gate Home Entertainment, 2011).

Short footnote:

Good Morning, Vietnam.

Good Will Hunting.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from distribution information:

Good Morning, Vietnam. Directed by Barry Levinson [DVD]. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 1998.

Good Will Hunting. Directed by Gus Van Sant [Blu-ray]. Lions Gate Home Entertainment, 2011.

TV programme

Full footnote:

Title, directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium] (Distributer, Year of distribution).

In the Wild: Dolphins with Robin Williams. Directed by Nigel Cole [VHS] (NTV, 1998).

Short footnote:

In the Wild.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from distribution information:

In the Wild: Dolphins with Robin Williams. Directed by Nigel Cole [VHS]. NTV, 1998.

Episode of a TV series

Full footnote:

'Episode title', Programme title, series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium] (Distributer, Year of distribution).

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy, season 2, episode 12. Directed by Howard Storm. Written by April Kelly [DVD] (Paramount, 1979).

Short footnote:

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from distribution information:

'Old Fears', Mork & Mindy, season 2, episode 12. Directed by Howard Storm. Written by April Kelly [DVD]. Paramount, 1979.

Extra commentaries

If extra commentaries by directors/producers/actors etc are given on a DVD/Blu-ray you would reference using the person's name rather than the title:

Commentator, director's (or other) commentary, Title of Film. Version if needed. Directed by Director name [Medium] (Studio/Distributer, Year).

Z. Snyder, director's commentary, Watchmen, Director's Cut, Special Edition. Directed by Zach Snyder [Blu-ray] (Warner Bros., 2009).

T. McCarthy, J. Powers, & D. Thompson, critics' commentary, The Ultimate Matrix Collection. Directed by the Wachowski Brothers [DVD collection] (Warner Bros., 2004).

Short footnote:

Snyder, Watchmen.

McCarthy et al., The Ultimate Matrix Collection.

Bibliography entry:

Put first surname first and remove brackets from the distribution information:

Snyder, Z., director's commentary, Watchmen, Director's Cut, Special Edition. Directed by Zach Snyder [Blu-ray]. Warner Bros., 2009.

McCarthy, T., J. Powers, & D. Thompson, critics' commentary, The Ultimate Matrix Collection. Directed by the Wachowski Brothers [DVD collection]. Warner Bros., 2004.

Dates given in brackets should be the original broadcast year (the copyright year given at the end of the programme). You may be able to find this and information such as writers etc on something like IMDb if you do not have the credits recorded. The broadcast date is the broadcast that you actually watched (except for online subscription-only programmes, in which case it is the release date).

TV programme

Full footnote:

Title. Directed by Director name (if known). Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme] (TV channel (or service if online only), broadcast date and time).

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30).

Short footnote:

Scotland decides.

Bibliography entry:

No brackets around broadcast information:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30.

If you are quoting a specific person on the programme, you can include their name first:

Full footnote:

A, Salmond, Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30).

Episode of a TV series

Full footnote:

'Episode title', Programme title, series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme] (TV channel (or service if online only). Broadcast date and time).

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman, season 1, episode 1. Directed by Hugo Blick. Written by Hugo Blick [TV Programme] (BBC TWO. 3 July 2014, 21:00).

'Chapter 2', House of Cards, season 1, episode 2. Directed by David Fincher. Written by Beau Willimon [TV Programme] (Netflix, 1 February 2014).

Short footnote:

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman.

'Chapter 2', House of Cards.

Bibliography entry:

No brackets around broadcast information:

'The Empty Chair', The Honourable Woman, season 1, episode 1. Directed by Hugo Blick. Written by Hugo Blick [TV Programme]. BBC TWO. 3 July 2014, 21:00.

Programmes/episodes watched via Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources:

Full footnote:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme] (BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30). https://bobnational.net/record/236557 [Accessed 30 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Scotland decides.

Bibliography entry:

No brackets around broadcast information:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August 2014, 20:30. https://bobnational.net/record/236557 [Accessed 30 Aug 2024].

Radio programme

This is the same as for TV programmes but use [Radio Programme] instead:

Full footnote:

In Tune [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 3, 18 August 2014, 16:30).

'Skomer', Afternoon Play. Written by Mike Akers [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 4, 30 October 2006, 14:15). https://bobnational.net/record/215 [Accessed 18 Aug 2024].

If you are quoting a specific person on the programme, you can include their name first:

Full footnote:

S. Rafferty. In Tune [Radio Programme] (BBC Radio 3, 18 August 2014, 16:30).

Film, cinema release or TV

Full footnote:

Title in italics. Directed by Director name [Film] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release).

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. Directed by Matt Reeves [Film] (20th Century Fox, 2014).

Short footnote:

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from distribution information:

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. 20th Century Fox, 2014.

Film, seen on Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources. If distributer information is cut off the end by the TV channel, try looking on IMDb (Company Credits link):

Full footnote:

Title in italics. Directed by Director name [Film] (Studio/Distributer, Year of release). URL [Accessed date].

The Birds. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film] (Universal Pictures, 1963). https://bobnational.net/record/234816 [Accessed 15 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

The Birds.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from distribution information.

The Birds. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film]. Universal Pictures, 1963. https://bobnational.net/record/234816 [Accessed 15/9/2014].

If the author or presenter of the podcast is not known, use the organisation or website name instead.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author/presenter, 'Title of podcast', Name of Web page [Podcast]. Day and month of post if shown. URL [Accessed date].

T. Harford, 'Student loans', More or Less: Behind the Stats [Podcast]. 15 August 2014. https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/moreorless/moreorless_20140815-1655c.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

J. Heaversedge, 'What is mindfulness?', Mental Health Foundation [Podcast]. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/content/assets/audio/what-is-mindfulness-mp3.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Fearless Social, 'How to use magazines to write better Facebook ads', Fearless Social: Social Marketing Evolved [Podcast]. 7 August 2014. https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/fearless-social-social-marketing/id904864342?mt=2 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Harford, 'Student loans'.

Heaversedge, 'What is mindfulness?'.

Fearless Social, 'How to use magazines'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote with surname of author/presenter first (Hartford, T.) and any links should be hyperlinks.

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is often shorter than the one in the address bar (you can even delete everything after the '?' in the link):

Full footnote and bibliography entry (note footnote links do not need to be hyperlinks):

Name of person posting video, Title of video, Series title if relevant. Date uploaded [Video]. URL [Accessed Date].

M. E. Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman - The Last Journey of a Genius. 23 April 2011 [Video]. https://youtu.be/Mn4_40hAAr0 [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Harvard University, Episode 02: Putting a price tag on life, Justice: What's the right thing to do? 8 September 2009 [Video]. https://youtu.be/0O2Rq4HJBxw [Accessed 8 Sep 2024].

Short footnote:

Tunalioglu, Richard Phillips Feynman.

Harvard University, Putting a price tag on life.

Most presentations you will reference will be accessed online, so reference as follows:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s), Title of presentation. Date created/uploaded [Presentation]. URL [Accessed date].

J. Brenman, Thirst. 8 July 2008 [Presentation]. https://www.slideshare.net/jbrenman/thirst [Accessed 29 Aug 2024].

N. Duarte, Slidedocs: spread ideas with effective visual documents. 2014 [Presentation]. https://www.duarte.com/slidedocs/ [Accessed 29 Aug 2024].

If you accessed the presentations via other means, omit the URL and accessed date.

Short footnote:

Brenman, Thirst.

Duarte, Slidedocs.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote with surname of author first and any links should be hyperlinks.

If accessed online, include the URL – otherwise just give publisher information.

Author/Creator, Title [Video game] (Publisher, Year). URL and access date if appropriate.

Full footnote

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable [Video game] (2013). https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable/ [Accessed 20 Apr 2024].

Short footnote

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable.

Bibliography entry

As full footnote except remove brackets around publishing information.

Galactic Café, The Stanley Parable [Video game]. 2013. https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable/ [Accessed 20 Apr 2024].

Print score

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information (Publisher, Year of publication).

I. Stravinsky, Rite of spring: pictures from pagan Russia in two parts [Musical score] (Boosey & Hawkes, 1967).

N. Rimsky-Korsakoff, Trombone Concerto [Musical score]. Reduction for tenor trombone and piano by Harold Perry (Boosey & Hawkes, 1955).

Short footnote:

Stravinsky, Rite of spring.

Rimsky-Korsakoff, Trombone Concerto.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from around publishing information.

Stravinsky, I., Rite of spring: pictures from pagan Russia in two parts [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes, 1967.

Rimsky-Korsakoff, N., Trombone Concerto [Musical score]. Reduction for tenor trombone and piano by Harold Perry. Boosey & Hawkes, 1955.

Online score

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information (Publisher (if given), Year published or uploaded). URL [Accessed date].

J. S. Bach, Canon for Walther, BWV 1073 [Musical score]. Edited by Alfred Dorffel (Breitkopf & Hartel, 2008). https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/188975 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

M. C. Raboud-Theurillat, Saisons, op 40 [Musical score]. (2005). https://www.free-scores.com/PDFSUP_EN/raboud-theurillat-marie-christine-saisons-saisons-flute-67951.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Bach, Canon for Walther.

Raboud-Theurillat, Saisons.

Bibliography entry:

Bach, J. S., Canon for Walther, BWV 1073 [Musical score]. Edited by Alfred Dorffel. Breitkopf & Hartel, 2008. https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/188975 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Raboud-Theurillat, M. C., Saisons, op 40 [Musical score]. 2005. https://www.free-scores.com/PDFSUP_EN/raboud-theurillat-marie-christine-saisons-saisons-flute-67951.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Part of collected works

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of score', Title of collection [Musical score] (Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

B. Britten, 'How sweet the answer (The Wren)', Folksong Arrangements, Vol 4 Moore's Irish Melodies [Musical score] (Boosey & Hawkes, 1960).

Short footnote:

Britten, 'How sweet the answer'.

Bibliography entry:

Britten, B., 'How sweet the answer (The Wren)', Folksong Arrangements, Vol 4 Moore's Irish Melodies [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes, 1960.

Part of anthologies

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of score'. In Editor name (ed.) Title of anthology [Musical score] (Publisher, Year). URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

G. F. Handel, 'Deborah'. In M Spicker (ed.) Anthology of sacred song, Vol 1 (Soprano) [Musical score]. G. Shirmer, 1902). https://conquest.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e9/IMSLP38723-PMLP85325-VA_-_Anthology_of_Sacred_Songs._Vol1-soprano.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Handel, 'Deborah'.

Bibliography entry:

Handel, G. F., 'Deborah'. In M. Spicker, (ed.) Anthology of sacred song, Vol 1 (Soprano) [Musical score]. G. Shirmer, 1902. https://conquest.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e9/IMSLP38723-PMLP85325-VA_-_Anthology_of_Sacred_Songs._Vol1-soprano.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

CD, audio cassette or vinyl

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, 'Title of work if part of album/larger work'. Title of Album/Work if whole. Performer/orchestra conducted by Conductor name (if relevant) [Medium] (Distributor/Label, Year).

E. Elgar, Cello Concerto, Op 85, Enigma Variations. Philadelphia Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and Jacqueline Du Pré conducted by Daniel Barenboim [CD] (Sony Music Classical, 1995).

J. S. Bach, 'Variato 8. A 2 Clav'. Glenn Gould plays Bach, Goldberg Variations [Vinyl] (Membran Media, 2012).

Short footnote:

Elgar, Cello Concerto.

Bach, 'Variato 8'.

Bibliography entry:

Elgar, E., Cello Concerto, Op 85, Enigma Variations. Philadelphia Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and Jacqueline Du Pré conducted by Daniel Barenboim [CD]. Sony Music Classical, 1995.

Bach, J. S., 'Variato 8. A 2 Clav'. Glenn Gould plays Bach, Goldberg Variations [Vinyl]. Membran Media, 2012.

Streamed or downloaded

It is necessary to give specific information about where you streamed music from if it is ONLY available through that method. Otherwise, just give as much of the above information as your streaming service gives or you can find elsewhere (the same recording may be available on Amazon for instance). Downloaded music should always give a URL.

Full footnote:

C. Debussy, La Mer. Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Simon Rattle [Streamed] (EMI Records Ltd, 2005).

J. Sibelius, Valse Triste. Erik Helling [Download]. https://d19bhbirxx14bg.cloudfront.net/sibelius-valsetriste-helling.mp3 [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Debussy, La Mer.

Sibelius, Valse Triste.

Bibliography entry:

Debussy, C.,La Mer. Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Simon Rattle [Streamed]. EMI Records Ltd, 2005.

Sibelius, J., Valse Triste. Erik Helling [Download]. https://d19bhbirxx14bg.cloudfront.net/sibelius-valsetriste-helling.mp3 [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Standard names of single artists can be treated liked any other name, with initials given and reversed in the bibliography. Band names are unchanged. Single artists with non-standard names (Lady Gaga, Jessie J, P Diddy etc) should be treated as band names:

Album

Full footnote:

Artist, Title of album [Media]. Version if needed (Label, Year).

M. Gaye, What's Going On [Vinyl] (Tamla Records, 1971).

Iron Maiden, Powerslave [Audio CD]. Enhanced, original recording remastered (EMI, 1998).

Short footnote:

Gaye, What's Going On.

Iron Maiden, Powerslave.

Bibliography entry:

Gaye, M., What's Going On [Vinyl]. Tamla Records, 1971.

Iron Maiden, Powerslave [Audio CD]. Enhanced, original recording remastered. EMI, 1998.

Album track

Full footnote:

Artist, 'Title of track', Title of album [Media]. Version if needed (Label, Year).

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone', Parallel Lines [Vinyl] (Chrysalis Records, 1978).

S. Smith, 'Like I can', In the Lonely Hour [Audio CD]. Deluxe Edition (Capitol Records, 2014).

Short footnote:

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone'.

Smith, 'Like I can'.

Bibliography entry:

Blondie, 'Hanging on the telephone', Parallel Lines [Vinyl]. Chrysalis Records, 1978.

Smith, S., 'Like I can', In the Lonely Hour [Audio CD]. Deluxe Edition. Capitol Records, 2014.

Streamed or downloaded

It is necessary to give specific information about where you streamed music from if it is ONLY available through that method. Otherwise, just give as much of the above information as your streaming service gives or you can find elsewhere (the same recording may be available on Amazon for instance). Downloaded music should always give a URL.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of artist (or band/act name), 'Title of track' [Streamed or downloaded]. Title of album or equivalent (Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004).

M. Davis, 'Rouge', Boplicity: Original recordings 1949-1953. [Streamed] (Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004).

Macklemore & R. Lewis, 'Starting Over', Spotify Sessions [Streamed] (2013). Available online: https://play.spotify.com/album/3LwV3QIDQopbgERx5XJnBz [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Davis, 'Rouge'.

Macklemore & Lewis, 'Starting Over'.

Bibliography entry:

Davis, M., 'Rouge', Boplicity: Original recordings 1949-1953 [Streamed]. Naxos Rights International Ltd, 2004.

Macklemore & R. Lewis, 'Starting Over', Spotify Sessions [Streamed]. 2013. https://play.spotify.com/album/3LwV3QIDQopbgERx5XJnBz [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Lyrics

Full footnote:

Songwriter(s), Title of Song [Lyrics] Track information if relevant (Distribution company or label, Year) or (Year). URL [Accessed date].

B. Taupin. Candle in the wind [Lyrics]. Track 11, Diamonds (Deluxe) (MCA Records, 1973). https://genius.com/Elton-john-candle-in-the-wind-lyrics [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

B. Geldof & M. Ure, Do they know it's Christmas? [Lyrics] (1984).https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bandaid20/dotheyknowitschristmas.html [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

Taupin, Candle in the wind.

Geldof & Ure, Do they know it's Christmas?

Bibliography entry:

Taupin. B Candle in the wind [Lyrics]. Track 11, Diamonds (Deluxe). MCA Records, 1973 https://genius.com/Elton-john-candle-in-the-wind-lyrics [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

Geldof, B. & M. Ure, Do they know it's Christmas? [Lyrics]. 1984. Available online: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bandaid20/dotheyknowitschristmas.html [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Libretto

These are usually published separately so have publisher details:

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author(s) Title of publication [Libretto]. Edition or version if necessary. (Publisher, Year).

S. Sondheim, & H. Wheeler, Sweeney Todd [Libretto] NHB Libretti, new edition (Nick Hern Books, 1991).

Short footnote:

Sondheim, & Wheeler, Sweeney Todd.

Bibliography entry:

Sondheim, S. & H. Wheeler, Sweeney Todd [Libretto]. NHB Libretti, new edition. Nick Hern Books, 1991.

Liner notes are text found on the covers or inner sleeves of vinyl albums or on the little booklets that come inside CDs etc. These can be physical or electronic (for instance if you download an album). Sometimes they do not have individual titles, in which case just leave this out and move the [Liner notes] label to after the recording title.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, 'Title of notes' [Liner notes], Title of recording [Media] (Label, Year).

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one' [Liner notes], Damned Damned Damned [Audio CD] (Stiff Records, 1977).

J. Cott, Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps [Liner notes]. Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic [Audio CD]. Sony Masterworks, 2013.

D. Bowie, Aladdin Sane [Liner notes] (RCA Records, 1972). http://albumlinernotes.com/Aladdin_Sane.html [Accessed 24 Aug 2024].

Short footnote:

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one'.

Cott, Stravinsky.

Bowie, Aladdin Sane.

Bibliography entry:

The Damned, 'Thanks to no-one' [Liner notes], Damned Damned Damned [Audio CD]. Stiff Records, 1977.

Cott, J. Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps [Liner notes], Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic [Audio CD]. Sony Masterworks, 2013.

Bowie, D. , Aladdin Sane [Liner notes]. RCA Records, 1972. http://albumlinernotes.com/Aladdin_Sane.html [Accessed 24 Aug 2024].

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer, Title. Name of orchestra/musician conducted by Conductor (if relevant) (Place of performance, Date of performance).

R. Strauss, Elektra. BBC Singers and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Semyon Bychkov (Royal Albert Hall, 31 August 2014).

Short footnote:

Strauss, Elektra.

Bibliography entry:

Strauss, R., Elektra. BBC Singers and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Semyon Bychkov. Royal Albert Hall, 31 August 2014.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of composer or choreographer, Title. Dance company (Location, Date seen).

M. Bourne, Lord of the Flies. New Adventures Dance Company (Sadler's Wells, London, 8 October 2014).

Short footnote:

Bourne, Lord of the Flies.

Bibliography entry:

Bourne, M. Lord of the Flies. New Adventures Dance Company. Sadler's Wells, London, 8 October 2014.

In contrast to other live performances, the title of the play is given first, not the playwright.

Full footnote:

Title, by Author. Directed by Director (or Theatre Company) (Location, Date seen).

That's All You Need to Know, by Idle Motion (Hull Truck Theatre, 19 September 2014).

The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde. Directed by Lucy Bailey (Harold Pinter Theatre, 18 July 2014).

Short footnote:

That's All You Need to Know.

The Importance of Being Earnest.

Bibliography entry:

Remove brackets from performance information.

That's All You Need to Know, by Idle Motion. Hull Truck Theatre, 19 September 2014.

The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde. Directed by Lucy Bailey. Harold Pinter Theatre, 18 July 2014.

Speeches often have their transcripts published online or are available on YouTube, in which case you can also give the appropriate URL. Omit this if you do not have it.

Full footnote:

Speaker, Title of speech [Speech or Speech Transcript] (Date of speech, Location of speech if not given in title). URL [Accessed date].

B. Johnson. PM speech in Greenwich [Speech transcript] (3 February 2020). https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020 [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

B. Obama A perfect union [Speech] (18 March 2008, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia). https://youtu.be/zrp-v2tHaDo [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

Short footnote:

Johnson, PM speech in Greenwich.

Obama, A perfect union.

Bibliography entry:

Johnson, B. PM speech in Greenwich [Speech transcript]. 3 February 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020 [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

Obama, B. A perfect union [Speech]. 18 March 2008, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia. https://youtu.be/zrp-v2tHaDo [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

For emails from distribution lists, see electronic resources. Be careful about including personal email addresses and respect confidentiality. It is usually to keep copies and include them in appendices.

Full footnote:

Sender Name, Message subject line [Email]. Message sent to Recipient's name (email address if appropriate). Date and time sent.

R. Heseltine, Reflective writing [Email]. Message sent to J. Bartram (j.bartram@hull.ac.uk). 22 April 2014, 20:49.

Short footnote:

Heseltine, Reflective writing.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote.

Recorded interviews/conversations (including focus groups)

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of interviewee, Description of communication [Conversation type]. Date and time of interview. Place if relevant.

J. Harlow The relevance of employability to academic staff [Recorded conversation]. 27 December 2014, 12:50. University of Hull.

Participant B, Should we build a new library? [Focus group]. 9 May 2012, 14:15. University of Hull.

Short footnote:

Harlow, The relevance of employability.

Participant B, Should we build a new library?

Bibliography entry:

Harlow, J. The relevance of employability to academic staff [Recorded conversation]. 27 December 2014, 12:50. University of Hull.

Some supervisors could prefer you to provide a transcript as an appendix and cite the appendix and line number in your footnotes instead - check with them individually. If this is the case then the following would be used:

Full and short footnotes

Appendix N^o, Line N^o.

The bibliography entry would be the same as above.

Non-recorded interviews or conversations

Check with your tutor/supervisor to see if these are usable (they are not considered recoverable data and some academics will not accept them as evidence within your written work). If they are acceptable, give the same information as for recorded interviews/conversations.

Use a description of the letter's contents if it has no obvious title. Consider having an image of the full letter as an appendix to your work.

Full footnote:

Initial(s). Surname of author, Title/description of letter [Letter]. Personal communication or recipient information, Date on letter.

J. Smith, Request for help with proofreading [Letter]. Personal communication, 23 January 2013.

P. Brown, Workshop enquiry [Letter]. Sent to Skills Team, 23 January 2013.

Short footnote:

Smith, Request for help.

Brown, Workshop enquiry.

Bibliography entry:

Smith, J., Request for help with proofreading [Letter]. Personal communication, 23 January 2013.

Brown, P., Workshop enquiry [Letter]. Sent to Skills Team, 23 January 2013.

Always check with your tutor that they accept lecture notes or other course material in a reference list (many do not). It is always better to read the original sources of the material if available and reference these. Otherwise reference as follows:

Full footnote:

Lecturer, 'Title of lecture', Module title and code [Lecture] (Institution, Year, unpublished).

J. Bartram, 'Effective Presentations', Enhanced Information and Research Skills 05056 1314 [Lecture] (University of Hull, 2013, unpublished).

Short footnote:

Bartram, 'Effective Presentations'.

Bibliography entry:

Bartram, J. 'Effective Presentations', Enhanced Information and Research Skills 05056 1314 [Lecture]. University of Hull, 2013, unpublished.

See PowerPoint (or other) presentation above if you have access to the actual presentation used rather than relying on your own lecture notes (but still check that it is acceptable to reference this).

If you speak different languages and have referenced non-English-language works that you have translated yourself then follow the guidance below.

The example here is for a journal article but if you are referencing anything else, follow the italicisation conventions for the equivalent English language source above.

Full footnote:

Author(s) 'Title in original language' (if possible) [Title translated into English]. Publication name in original language (if possible) [Publication name translated into English]. Volume/issue/page information (according to type of publication) (year) [In ‘language’].

A. N. Krenke and V. G. Khodakov, 'O svyasi povercknostnogo tayaniya lednikov s temperaturoy vozdukha' [On the relationship between melt of glaciers and air temperature]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy [Data of Glaciological Studies], 12. 153–163 (1966) [In Russian].

Short footnote:

Krenke & Khodakov, 'O svyas' poversknostnogo tayaniya lednikov'.

Bibliography entry:

As full footnote (unless a book in which case put publisher's information in brackets).