For a narrative citation (when two co-authors are mentioned within the text), separate them with the word 'and' rather than using an ampersand (&):

Sharma and Li (2005) suggest that...

When two co-authors are given in the brackets at the end of the sentence their names are separated with an ampersand (&) unlike when the authors are referred to within the text.

All slides should use a full sentence to make an assertion in their title and give the evidence to back up that assertion in the main body of the slide. Where possible this evidence should be visual (Alley & Neeley, 2005).

When authors of different works are both referred to in a sentence, cite them separately:

Martin (2005) and Rothfuss (2011) both infer that...

If names are not included in the sentence, list citations in chronological order within brackets at the end, separated by semicolons:

(Garcia, 2019; Kheang, 2020).

Where no specific author is given, use the name of the organisation or company. If the organisation is known by abbreviations always give the name in full the first time their work is cited.

If the name of the organisation appears in a narrative citation, include the abbreviation before the year:

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2011) have published guidance on professional conduct for nursing and midwifery students.

If the name first appears in a parenthetical citation, include the abbreviation in square brackets, followed by a comma and the year:

(Nursing and Midwifery Council [NMC], 2011)

You can then just use the abbreviation for future in-text references.

Note, the entry in the reference list should use the abbreviation too - so that it matches the in-text citation.

For two authors, please see the Author name(s) included in text and Author name(s) not in text sections above as the rules are slightly different in each instance.

For more than two authors, in text citations only show the first author followed by et al. (which stands for 'and others' in Latin). This does not need to be italicised.

Brown et al. (2011) indicate that...

This has been confirmed by many different researchers (Chan et al., 2018; Popoola, 2019; White et al., 2021).

Note Unless there are more than eight authors, list them all in the reference list at the end of the document rather than using et al. For more than eight, list the first eight and then use et al.

Where no date is known, use the abbreviation n.d.:

The amount of Brazilian Atlantic forest remaining is decreasing every year (SOS Mata Atlântica, n.d.).

For direct quotations, include the page number(s) after the date, following a colon. The abbreviation p or pg is not required:

According to Duarte (2010:53), “Incorporating story into presentations has an exponential effect on outcomes”.

Page numbers are not required when quoting from webpages.

If you have accessed an electronic book with no obvious page numbers (such as earlier Kindle books), location data can be given instead:

Stevensen (2011:loc 211) states that "a story is the best way to help employees 'grasp' an abstract concept”.

Note that if direct quotations are 30 words or more, they should be in a separate paragraph formatted like this (single line spacing, indented 1cm from both sides and no quotation marks (citation afterwards).

For more than one citation by the same author on the same information with different dates, list all the dates after the name separated by commas:

(Park, 2011, 2014).

Note that you only use semicolons between lists of different authors.

For more than one citation by the same author in the same year put a, b, c etc after the date:

(Park, 2011a)....(Park, 2011b).

Note, in the reference list, works by the same author, published in the same year, should be in alphabetical order by title. It is this position in the reference list rather than the position in the document that determines which letter a citation is given. It is therefore possible that you could cite (Park, 2011b) before (Park, 2011a) in the document itself.

Where the author name is not known (for instance for some reference books) and a corporate author is not clear, use the title of the work (or web page) as your citation (if this is long you can use a shortened form):

(Concise Oxford Dictionary, 2004).

(Gourmet coffee boom, 2013).

Do not use the abbreviation Anon.

Be critical when using web pages as sources. Take extra care to assess the reliability and authority of the author or organisation and use accordingly. Never just give the URL as your in-text citation. Always follow the standard Harvard citation style of (Author, Year).

• Authors are often companies and organisations: (NHS, 2004).
• If no author or organisation is clear, give the web page title: (Gourmet coffee boom, 2013).
• Dates are often found in the copyright information at the bottom of the web page.
• If a date range is given, use the latest date.
• If no date is given, use n.d.

Include the name of the religious text, Book, Sura or Chapter:Verse e.g.

"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me" (The Bible, Philippians. 4:13).

"And shake toward you the trunk of the palm tree; it will drop upon you ripe, fresh dates" (The Qur'an, Miriam. 19:25).

For other religious texts, adapt to whatever is the conventional numbering system.

Plays and poems need more specific citations:

Play

When quoting directly from plays, you should give a concise reference number indicating Act, Scene and line number. For Shakespeare plays, give the play title rather than the author in the citation:

"The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool" (As You Like It, 5.1.30).

If the play is not divided in such a way, just give page numbers as normal.

Long poems

When quoting from poems, give the line number(s) after the quotation, separate consecutive lines with a virgule (/):

"According to Ode to a Nightingale, “tender is the night, / And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, / Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays” (35-37).

The way you cite an edited novel differs depending on whether you are referring to information given by the editor or text from the novel itself. In this example both citations come from an edition of Jane Austen's 1818 novel Pride and prejudice which was published in 1998 and edited by Gillian Beer:

Editor's text (often the introduction or additional notes)

You cite the editor themselves:

Austen's novel was, for her "and her readers, fraught with moral dangers" (Beer, 1998 in Austen, 1818:xi).

Author's text (the novel itself)

Use the information from the original publication:

Anne's sister Elizabeth "Did not quite equal her father in personal contentment" (Austen, 1818:8).

The entry in the reference list would be listed under Austen, J. (1818) and would include the editor information after the title - see the example given within 'An edited book' in the Books section below.

As well as to avoid plagiarism, citing re-used code in your source code is important to give credit to the original creators and, in some cases, ensure legal compliance. It also helps maintain the codebase over time by providing context and acknowledging contributions.

Consider your code like any document and cite as for an in-text citation in the body of the code (before the code) and then, either have a reference list at the end that gives the full details, or if you have written an accompanying report, put the reference list at the bottom of that instead.

Referencing information should always be given as a comment, using whatever syntax your programming language uses:

C++	/*comment*/
Python	# in front of every line of comment
Html	<!--comment-->

In the in-code citations, it is important to show whether the code is a straight copy or modified in some way. You should also cite algorithms the same way (these examples given for C++ - adapt as indicated in table above):

/*this copied extract is from (Author surname or corporate name, year) */

/*this modified extract is from (Author surname or corporate name, year) */

/*this algorithm is from (Author surname or corporate name, year) */

e.g.

/* this modified extract is from (Smith, 2011) */

/* this algorithm is from (Source Forge, 2023) */

Sometimes you want to reference something that has been quoted, reproduced or cited in a source you have read (a secondary reference). Here are a few simple rules when dealing with them:

• If at all possible, find the original source and use that instead.
• Never pretend you have read the original source.
• Only include the book/article you have read in the reference list.
• Always make it clear in your in text citation that it is a secondary reference. Here are some examples:

Sani (2008) cited in Singh (2010) implied that...

Rebecca Bishop, a native American public relations officer (quoted in Sorensen, 2012) believes that...

In a letter to his brother, Rembrandt admitted his reluctance to accept money (Rembrandt, 1880 in Stone, 1995).

Figure 4: Aerial shot of the scene (Patel, 2003 in Justin, 2009).

For the above examples, the entries in the reference list would be for Singh, Sorenson, Stone and Justin (NOT Sani, Bishop, Rembrandt or Patel).

Direct quotations

Always* use page numbers within your reference when you are quoting directly from your source:

According to Ryan (2004:267) music is the art that "touches, in one form or another, the widest segment of the world's population".

If there is a quite a gap between giving the reference and the quote, you can put the page number by itself in brackets directly after the quotation:

Work by Oliver (2011) found that mechanisms for assuring their development varied from non-existent through vague statements of “opportunities provided” (page 12) to a few well documented quality review processes.

Paraphrased text

Sometimes, especially when using books as sources, it can be helpful to give a page number even when you have paraphrased the text. This is not essential but it is a courtesy to the reader to help them find the part of the book that you are referring to more easily.

According to Gottshcall (2012:111) conspiracy theories are the result of a dark human need to make up stories where they do not exist.

Some disciplines, especially in the Arts, always want page numbers for paraphrased text, so please check with your lecturers or supervisors to see if this is required in your work.

* Unless there are no page numbers, i.e. web pages

Citing figures in written work

In written work, you should always caption your figures with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions underneath figures. You should ensure your figure (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

FigureNumber – Title (In-text citation)

or

FigureNumber: Title (In-text citation)

or

Figure Number. Title (In-text citation)

Example

Figure 1 - The Radcliffe Camera, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Whitby, 2005)

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix figure numbers with the chapter number. For example, Figure 2.1 would be the first figure in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth figure in chapter 4.

Citing figures in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include an in-text citation on or near the figure. You should, however, ensure figures are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. You should ensure your image citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation.

Example

Citing tables in written work

If you are using a table in your work, you should ensure the table (or the data within it) is properly referenced. If you made the table yourself but used data from elsewhere to create it, you should ensure you cite the source of the data used to create your table.

In written work, you should always caption your tables with a label, a number and a meaningful title. Standard practice is to put captions above tables. You should ensure your table (or data) citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. The punctuation used can vary, but always ensure you are consistent:

Table Number – Title (In-text citation)

or

Table Number: Title (In-text citation)

or

Table Number. Title (In-text citation)

Example

Table 1 - United Kingdom population mid-year estimate (data from: Office for national statistics, 2019)

Year	Mid-year estimated population
2009	62,260,500
2010	62,759,500
2011	63,285,100
2012	63,705,000
2013	64,105,700
2014	64,596,800
2015	65,110,000
2016	65,648,100
2017	66,040,200
2018	66,435,600

Note: For small assignments (essays) the numbers should be sequential (i.e. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). For larger assignments (dissertations, projects, thesis) it is standard practice to restart numbering at each chapter and prefix table numbers with the chapter number. For example, Table 2.1 would be the first tble in chapter 2 and Figure 4.5 would be the fifth table in chapter 4.

Citing tables in presentations

For presentations, you don't necessarily need a caption and at a minimum only need to include an in-text citation on or near the table. You should, however, ensure tables are explained, and this can be done via your narration, by using a caption or by using the slide's title. . You should ensure your table citations are included in your bibliography as with any other reference. For presentations, this can be achieved using the slide notes area or a slide towards the end of the presentation.

Remember: Presentations are a visual mode of communication. You should consider presenting any tables you want to include in the form of a chart, graph or other visual.

If you need to reference anything that is not already included in this guide then follow the basic template below.

Author/Creator (Year) Title or description [Medium if not obvious]. Anything that identifies it specifically. Any other information about where or when you saw it or that can help someone else find it.

Include the following information:

Surname, Initials. (Year) Title of book in sentence case* and italics: subtitle if present. Publisher.

Robinson, K. (2001) Out of our minds: learning to be creative. Capstone Publishing Ltd.

Gartner, M. (1993) Macroeconomics under flexible exchange rates. Harvester Wheatsheaf.

*Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

Give the following information:

Surnames and initials of all authors (Year) Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present. Publisher.

For two authors use an ampersand (&) between them:

Nunn, C. L. & Altizer, S. M. (2006) Infectious diseases in primates: behavior, ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press.

For more than two authors, list all the names, separated by commas with an ampersand (&) before the last (do not use et al. in reference lists):

Daiches, D., Thorlby, A., Mottram, E., Bradbury, M., Franco, J., Dudley, D. R. & Lang, D. M. (1971) The Penguin companion to literature. Allen Lane.

Put the edition number after the book title (after a comma). Use the full word 'edition' not an abbreviation (to distinguish it from the abbreviation for editor):

Author(s) (Year) Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present, N^o edition. Publisher.

Lynch, P. J. & Horton, S. (2008) Web style guide, 3^rd edition. Yale University Press.

As for an authored book with the addition of (ed) or (eds) after editor name(s) i.e.

Editor (ed) (Year) Title of book in sentence case: subtitle if present. Publisher.

West, D. M. (ed) (2011) The next wave: Using digital technology to further social and political innovation. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.

Bradley, A. & DuBois, A. (eds) (2010) The anthology of rap. Yale University Press.

An edited novel

These are slightly different as the editor is often only responsible for the introduction and any notes whereas the novel itself is clearly written by the original author. How you cite these within your text will also differ depending on whether you are referring to the work of the editor or the original author (see the entry on this in the 'Citing references within your text' section above).

Original Author (Original Year) Title of book in sentence case. Edited by Editor, year of publication. Publisher.

Austen, J. (1818) Pride and Prejudice. Edited by G. Beer, 1998. Penguin.

You need to give the title of the chapter and the title of the book. The title of the book, not the chapter needs to be in italics. If the chapter date is different to the book publication date (e.g. for collected articles) put the book date after (ed), before the book title.

Author(s) (Year) Title of chapter. In Editor(s) (ed(s)) Title of book. Publisher, page range of chapter.

Clark, R. E. & Feldon, D. F. (2005) The multimedia principle. In Mayer, R. E. (ed) The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, 117-134.

There is no need to give information about which provider you accessed the eBook through. It is sufficient to indicate that it is an eBook that you have read by putting [eBook] in square brackets after the book title or edition information. If no place of publication information is available, don't worry, just put the publisher. URLs are not required as these are usually session specific and would not link the reader to the eBook:

Author(s) (Year) Title of book [eBook]. Publisher.

Stein, J. L. & Allen, P. R. (1998) Fundamental determinants of exchange rates [eBook]. Oxford University Press.

Parnell, H. (1805) The principles of currency and exchange, 4^th edition [eBook]. J. Budd.

As with other eBooks, it is sufficient to make it clear which version of the book you have read. This information is placed after the book title or edition information. You should include download dates if possible (versions are updated and this should be reflected). Download dates are usually the same as your purchase dates and can be found by looking back at your order history online. If you no longer have access to this information, don't worry, just give what information you have. City or publisher information is often unavailable and can be omitted if this is the case (although can often be found at the end of your eReader book).

Author(s) (Year) Title of book, eReader version. Publisher.[Downloaded date].

Stevenson, D. (2003) Story theater method: strategic storytelling in business, Kindle version. Cornelia Press. [Downloaded 2011].

Sheldrake, R., McKenna, T. & Abraham, R. (2001) Chaos, creativity and cosmic consciousness, Kobo version. Inner Traditions/Bear & Company. [Downloaded 4/8/2014].

Reminder: When quoting directly from eReader books where no page number information is present, location information can be used for in-text citations instead: (Stevensen, 2011:loc 211).

You should include details for the translator and an indication of the original language. If the original was a historically significant book, include the date of the original as well as the translation (the original date would then be the one in your in-text citation).

Note if you are self-translating books or articles, please see 'Self-translated works' under 'Further guidance' towards the bottom of these guidelines.

Author(s) (Year) Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of translator, date if needed). Publisher.

Wolf, C. (2007) One day a year, 1960-2000. Translated from German by L. A. Bangerter. Europa Editions.

Sartre, J. P. (1946) Existentialism and humanism. Translated from French by P. Mairet, 2007. Metheun.

Audio book on CD:

Author(s) (Year) Title of book [Audio CD]. Version (abridged or unabridged). Publisher.

Tracy, B. C. (2012) Time management made simple [Audio CD]. Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation.

Audio book via download:

Author(s) (Year) Title of book [Audio download]. Version (abridged or unabridged). Publisher. [Downloaded date].

Tracy, B. C. (2012) Time management made simple [Audio download]. Unabridged. Gildan Media Corporation. [Downloaded 6 Aug 2024].

Note: When quoting directly from audio books, you will need to give a time stamp rather than page number in your in-text citation: (Tracy, 2012:27 min).

**New for 2024** To enable easy retrieval, you should provide a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) at the end of your reference (if there is one available). This is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to permanently identify and link to the article online. The DOI can usually be found in the citation information near the top of the landing page for the article, or on the first few pages of an article. If you can't find the DOI, you can look it up on the website CrossRef.org (use the "Search Metadata" option and search by title).

Examples with and without DOIs are given below.

DOI available

Author(s) (Year) Title of article in sentence case¹.  Journal Title (in italics, main words capitalised), Issue information², page range³. https://doi.org/DOI ⁴

Ceylan, B., Gunes, U., Baran, L., Ozturk, H. & Sahbudak, G. (2020) Examining the hand hygiene beliefs and practices of nursing students and the effectiveness of their handwashing behaviour. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21-22), 4057-4065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15430

de Moraes, K.F., Santos, M.P.D., Gonçalves, G.S.R., de Oliveira, G.L., Gomes, L.B. & Lima, M.G.M. (2020) Climate change and bird extinctions in the Amazon. PLoS ONE, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236103

No DOI available

Author(s) (Year) Title of article in sentence case¹.  Journal Title (in italics, main words capitalised), Issue information², page range.

Keech, J.M. (1974) The survival of the gothic response. Studies in the Novel, 6(2), 130-144.

---

Notes

1. Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

2. Issue information is usually volume and issue but can sometimes be volume only or include supplement information. Occasionally it is a season (Spring, Summer etc), month or date (do not repeat the year if this is the case).

3. If a journal is an online only journal then all articles usually start with page 1. There is no need to give a page range if this is the case. Alternatively, provide the article number (starting with an 'e') if one is present.

4. The DOI should be a clickable link and therefore in the format https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx. Note that there is no full stop following the DOI - this is to ensure it does not interfere with the URL.

The name of the reviewer is given first (and should be used in your in-text citation) rather than the author of the reviewed book. Please see the section for a journal article above for an explanation of DOIs if needed.

Surname of reviewer, Initials (Year) Review of Book title in Italics, by Author of book. Journal Title in italics, Issue information, page range, https://doi.org/DOI

Braash, M. (2015) Review of Principles of GNSS, inertial, and multisensor integrated navigation systems, 2nd edition, by Groves, P. D. IEEE A&E Systems Magazine, 30(2), 26-27, https://doi.org/10.1109/maes.2014.14110

Some book reviews will have a title of their own, that is different to the book. If this is the case, add it as you would for a journal article title:

Goldthorpe, J. H. (1973) A revolution in sociology? Review of Understanding everyday life: Towards the reconstruction of everyday knowledge, by Douglas, J. D. (ed) Sociology, 7(3), 449-462.

As with journals, it is not necessary to give the online information if you are referring to a printed article, or one that only came out in print originally:

Author if known or newspaper title if not (Year) Title of the article or column heading. Title of the newspaper, Day and Month, Page number.

Gunn, J. (1984) Why London will have to go international. The Times (London), 28 November, 17.

Cardiff Times (1910) Clydach Vale Disaster. Cardiff Times, 14 May, 10.

Internet editions of newspaper articles are often slightly different to the printed articles (information may be added or excluded). It is therefore important to make it clear that you have accessed the article online:

Author if known or newspaper title if not (Year) Title of the article. Title of the newspaper, Internet edition. Day and Month. URL [Accessed date].

Karim, N. (2014) Giant penguin fossil shows bird was taller than most humans. The Guardian, Internet edition. 4 August. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica [Accessed 5 Sep 2022].

These are similar to printed newspaper or journal articles:

Author if known or magazine/comic title if not (Year) Title of the article or comic strip. Title of the Magazine/Comic, Issue or date, page number if relevant. URL if available online. [Accessed date if online].

Magazine:

Evans, L. & Winkler, D. (2011) Equador: into the fungal jungle. Fungi, 4(4) Fall, 10-12.

Parr, F. (2021) Stephen Sondheim memories: leading musicians and composers share their reflections on the Broadway legend. BBC Music Magazine, 2 December. https://www.classical-music.com/articles/stephen-sondheim-memories-leading-musicians-and-composers-share-their-reflections-on-the-broadway-legend [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Comic:

Beano (2000) Minnie the Minx. The Beano, No 3000, 15 January, 2.

Cooper, C. (1998) T'Priell Revealed Pt 2. Star Trek, Starfleet Academy, February 1998.

The way we reference Acts changed in 1963. Before that, the year of reign of the monarch (regnal year) needs to be included.

Prior to 1963

Name of Act (short title in italics with key words capitalised) (Year) Regnal year, Chapter Number. URL [Accessed date].

Friendly Societies Act (1955) 4 Elizabeth II, Chapter 19. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/4-5/19 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Since 1963

Name of Act (short title, in italics with key words capitalised) (Year) Chapter Number. URL

Criminal Justice Act (2003) Chapter 44. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44 [Accessed 10 Jul 2024].

If you wish to refer to a particular section (known as a schedule) or paragraph (these are numbered) you can add that extra information to your in-text citation:

(Criminal Justice Act, 2003:s35(122))

Note that column numbers are displayed in the right-hand pane of the Hansard website when viewing a debate. You may find older debates do not contain column numbers. You may need to look at debates in full screen on your device; otherwise, columns may not be visible.

If the abbreviations HC for House of Commons and HL for House of Lords are common in your discipline, you may use these abbreviations in your reference (see the first example).

These guidelines assume you are accessing the debate online. If you accessed a printed copy, just omit the URL.

House of debate or committee (Year) Title of session or debate. Hansard Parliamentary Debates. Date in full, volume, col/cols column range if available. URL [Accessed date].

HC (1965) Royal Air Force (Valiant Aircraft). Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 1 February 1965, cols 724-727. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1965-02-01/debates/501c2576-94bc-44a2-a94f-76eaebe40d3e/RoyalAirForce(ValiantAircraft) [Accessed 3 Mar 2024].

Delegated Legislation Committee (2011) Draft Legal Services Act 2007 (Approved Regulator) Order 2011. Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 31 March 2011, 672, cols 1-4. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmgeneral/deleg7/110331/110331s01.htm [Accessed 23 Jan 2024].

House of Lords (2020) Smart motorways. Hansard Parliamentary Debates. 17 March 2020, 802, cols 1372-1374. https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-03-17/debates/119AD084-E4CF-4BE3-BA98-AD0032873AC7/SmartMotorways [Accessed 3 Apr 2024].

The title of Statutory Instruments includes a date which is why this looks a little different to other references.

Title with key words capitalised (including bracketed information if present) (SI Year and Number). URL

The Criminal Justice (Sentencing)(Licence Conditions) Order 2003 (SI 2003/3337). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/3337/made [Accessed 4 Oct 2023].

The Openness of Local Government Bodies Regulations 2014 (SI 2014/2095). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111113554 [Accessed 28 Nov 2023].

Note The in-text citation for Statutory Instruments is the short title including year, maintaining italics. (The Criminal Justice Order, 2003)

Legal citation takes a particular format, not part of the Harvard system. We suggest you do add a URL if you accessed the source online.

Names of the parties involved (these could be letters if anonymised). Year of reporting - in square brackets or round brackets* Volume number Abbreviation of the law report series, First page of reference. URL [Accessed date].

Callery v Gray (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER, 1. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/callery-v-gray-no-793304177 [Accessed 7 Jul 2024].

F v Leeds City Council [1994] 2 FCR, 428. https://vlex.co.uk/vid/f-v-leeds-city-792936693 [Accessed 4 Aug 2024].

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 347 U.S., 483. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/ [Accessed 23 Dec 2023].

In the example above All ER = All England Law Reports, FCR = Family Court Reports and U.S. = United States Reports

Note In-text citations just use the names and date i.e. (Callery v Gray, 2001).

*Square brackets are used when the date is the primary method for finding the case (in the examples above there are more than one volume 4 and 2 in those report series). Round brackets are used when the date is not necessary to find the case (there is only one volume 347 in the United States Reports).

You need to include the official number of the paper (usually found at the bottom left of the front cover):

Authorship (Year) Title of document (Official number). URL [Accessed date].

The British Museum (2014) Report and accounts for the year ended 31st March 2014 (HC 436). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a75857040f0b6360e474c12/41272_HC_436_British_Museum_print_ready.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb 2024].

HM Government (2012) Open Data White Paper: Unleashing the potential (Cm 8353). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-white-paper-unleashing-the-potential [Accessed 7 Sep 2024].

You need to include the identifying letters and numbers, they come before the title:

Standards Institution (Year) Letters and numbers of standard: Full title of standard in italics. Edition if given (i.e. not the first). URL [Accessed date].

International Standards Office (2018) ISO 50001:2018: Energy management systems: requirements with guidance for use. Edition 2. https://www.iso.org/standard/69426.html [Accessed 16 Mar 2024].

British Standards Institution (2021) BS ISO 690:2021 - TC: Information and documentation. Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/information-and-documentation-guidelines-for-bibliographic-references-and-citations-to-information-resources-1 [Accessed 23 Nov 2023].

Patents are generally accessed online, either on official governmental websites (like the UK's Intellectual Property Office) or worldwide on espacenet.

Inventer name (Year) Title of patent. Country granting patent, Patent number. URL.

Borgen, E. (2013) Wind turbine rotor with improved hub system. UK Patent GB2495084B. https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-ipsum/Case/PublicationNumber/GB2495084 [Accessed 24 Mar 2024].

Karsten, S. (2014) Wind turbine tower and method of production thereof. US Patent US2014237919 (A1). https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=47&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20140828&CC=US&NR=2014237919A1&KC=A1 [Accessed 11 Jul 2024].

Many European Union bodies are commonly known by their initials. You can use these as long as you have given the name IN FULL in the main body of the document. For example, Commission of the European Communities (CEC). Include the following information in your reference:

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of document (Official number). URL [Accessed date].

CEC (2005) Communication. Further guidance on allocation plans (COM(2005)703 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0703:FIN:en:PDF [Accessed 27 [Jun 2024].

European Council (2014) Special meeting of the European Council (16 July 2014) (EUCO 147/14). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2014/07/16/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

The United Nations produce both internal documents and external publications. These include resolutions, statements, reports etc. Titles could be long, sometimes (as for statements) the actual document does not say what they are about in their title but the initial link to them does. It is hard to produce a template that covers them all, but use the basic one below as guidance, adapting it as needed for the document in question.

Name of institution/committee - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of document (Full date of document, Official number). URL [Accessed date].

UN Secretary General (2017) Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: report of the Secretary-General (21 December 2017, A/72/662). https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1474584 [Accessed 5 Apr 2024].

UN Security Council (2010) Statement by the President of the Security Council on the Middle East (22 December 2010, S/PRST/2010/30). https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2010/30 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

UN Security Council (2014) Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Mali (18 August 2014, SC/11523, AFR/2951, PKO/426). https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2014/sc11523.doc.htm [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

First, make sure your source is not actually one of the document types shown above (Acts, Command papers etc). If not, follow the guidance below.

If you are accessing information from a GOV.UK website it will either be a downloadable document (usually pdf) or information on the page itself. They are generally referenced like any other pdf or website:

Downloadable documents

Documents are often written by sub-sections of the Government and it is best to use these as the author rather than simply HM Government if applicable. If there is a common abbreviation for the department etc, you can use this as long as you have written it IN FULL followed by the abbreviation in brackets in the main body of the document i.e. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The basic template below can be used:

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of document in sentence case (More specific date of document if relevant). URL [Accessed date].

Environment Agency (2019) Weekly rainfall and river flow summary (1-7 May 2019). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/800875/Rainfall_and_river_flow_summary_1_to_7_May_2019.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2024].

DEFRA (2018) Notifiable avian disease control strategy for Great Britain. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/737992/notifiable-avian-disease-control-strategy-2018.pdf [Accessed 15/5/2019].

HM Government (2011) 2050 pathways analysis: Response to the call for evidence, Part 1 (March 2011). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/68821/2050-pathways-analysis-response-pt1.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2024].

Webpages

Many GOV.UK pages show which department or agency has written the guidance and this should be used as the author if present. If not, use HM Government. Follow the same principles as for the downloadable documents above regarding common abbreviations of departments etc. There is usually a published date or last updated date at the bottom of the webpage. Use whichever year is the later. If no date is given, use the abbreviation n.d.

Name of department/agency/commission - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of web page in sentence case. URL [Accessed date].

BEIS (2014) Policy impacts of prices and bills: How costs to the consumer are affected by changes in energy and climate policy. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/policy-impacts-on-prices-and-bills [Accessed 15 Jun 2024].

HM Government (n.d.) Foster carers: Types of foster care. https://www.gov.uk/foster-carers/types-of-foster-care [Accessed 15 Jul 2024].

There are so many different non-governmental organisations that a fixed template is difficult to create. Adapt the one below as necessary, trying to keep the styling consistent:

Name of organisation - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of document (Full date of document, Official number if given). URL [Accessed date].

UNESCO (2014) Teaching and learning: achieving quality for all; EFA global monitoring report, 2013-2014. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002256/225660e.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

The World Bank (2014) Brazil: Implementation Status and Results, Development Policies for the State of Sergipe (P129652, Report No ISR15802). https://www‑wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/LCR/2014/08/18/090224b082652070/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Brazil000Devel0Report000Sequence003.pdf [Accessed 22 Sep 2023].

Danish Refugee Council (2014) Strategic Programme Document - DRC/DDG in Libya and Tunisia. https://drc.dk/fileadmin/uploads/pdf/IA_PDF/North_Africa/2014.04.09_SPD_-_Libya_Tunisia_-_2014.pdf [Accessed 22 Nov 2023].

Most codes of practice are available online and you will give a URL. If you do happen to access a paper copy, just omit that and give the name of the publisher instead (this is often the author organisation in full - if you have already given it in full, you don't need to give it again).

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of code. URL [Accessed date].

OR

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of code. Publisher.

NMC (2023) The code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec 2023].

HSCIC (2014) Code of practice on confidential information. Health and Social Care Information Centre.

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of policy document. URL [Accessed date].

NHS England (2015) Safeguarding policy. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/safeguard-policy.pdf [Accessed 21 Mar 2024].

RCN Scotland (2015) Going the extra mile. https://www.rcn.org.uk/-/media/royal-college-of-nursing/documents/news/going-the-extra-mile.pdf [Accessed 6 Oct 2023].

Name of institution - common abbreviations acceptable (Year) Title of document (Official number if present). URL [Accessed date].

NICE (2016) Tuberculosis (NG33). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33/resources/tuberculosis-1837390683589 [Accessed 21 Apr 2024].

World Health Organisation (2017) Integrated care for older people: Guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550109 [Accessed 12 Jun 2024].

Reports are often written by named individuals, in which case you give the author just like you would with a book or journal article. If no named author is available, use the institutional name as for other documents above.

Authorship (Year) Title of report (Official number if provided). URL [Accessed date].

Francis, R. (2013) Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust public inquiry (HC 898-1). https://www.midstaffspublicinquiry.com/report [Accessed 27 Mar 2024].

Niche Health and Social Care Consulting (2012) An independent investigation into the care and treatment of a mental health service user (L) in Greater Manchester. https://www.england.nhs.uk/north/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/11/independent-investigation-into-the-care-and-treatment-of-a-mental-health-service-user-l-gm.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar 2024].

There are several other types of official publication from the NHS and associated bodies. Just follow the basic guidelines below.

Note that Department of Health documents will come under Official Governmental documents above.

Authorship (Year) Title of document (Official number if present) [Type of document if not standard]. URL [Accessed date].

RCN (2016) The needs of people with learning disabilities: What pre-registration students should know. https://www.rcn.org.uk/-/media/royal-college-of-nursing/documents/publications/2017/february/pub-005769.pdf [Accessed 8 Apr 2024].

Monitor (2013) About Monitor: an introduction to our role. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/326396/About_Monitor___July_2014.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar 2024].

Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (2016) Abdominal pain (Ref No HEY-825/2016) [Patient leaflet]. https://www.hey.nhs.uk/patient-leaflet/abdominal-pain/ [Accessed 20 Mar 2024].

MHRA (n.d.) Mefanamic Acid 500g Tablets (Ref No 5/L/x/3) [Patient Information Leaflet]. https://mhraproducts4853.blob.core.windows.net/docs/6a8c1ffb5a169a1d809881d0c9393962e6ec9f4a [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

You may have attended a conference in person or be accessing resources shared online. Always give links to online materials if possible, even if you attended personally and are using your own notes or photographs, as this aids access.

Conference paper:

Author(s) (Year) Title of paper in sentence case*. Title of conference: subtitle if present, Location and date of conference, page range if given. DOI or URL (if there is one) [Accessed date - if URL, not needed if DOI].

Saidin, K. (2017) Insider researchers: Challenges & opportunities. International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 25-27 October 2017. https://doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v1i1.563

Conference session:

These could be any session at a conference not described as a paper, for example workshops, panel discussions, keynote speeches etc. Just put an appropriate description in square brackets after the session name. If a keynote speech has no separate title, use Keynote speech as the title and omit the descriptor.

Author (Year) Title of session [Descriptor]. Title of conference: subtitle if present, Location and date of conference. DOI or URL (if there is one) [Accessed date - if URL, not needed if DOI]

Gould, O.(2023) Improving international EFL/EAL students' reading comprehension via teaching and implementing multimodalities [Keynote speech]. Global Conference on Education, Dubai, 7-8 December 2023. https://www.gcedu.org/dubai-2023/ [Accessed 22 Jul 2024].

Conference poster

Author/Creator (Year) Title of poster [Conference poster]. Title of conference: subtitle if present, Location and date of conference. URL if available online [Accessed date].

Cardoso, V. & Plesca, L. (2023) Natalizumab - Real World Data - Switching from IV infusions to Subcutaneous injection. Patient experience [Conference poster]. Multiple Scleroses Trust Annual Conference, Hinckley Island, 26-28 March. https://mstrust.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-06/conference-2023-poster-natalizumab-switching-iv-sub-injection.pdf [Accessed 20 Sep 2024].

Printed report

Author/Organisation (Year) Full title of report. Publisher if not same as author.

BT Group plc (2014) Annual report and Form 20-F 2014. BT Group plc.

Online report

Author/Organisation (Year) Full title of report. URL [Accessed date].

NHS England (2013) Everyone counts: planning for patients planning for patients 2014/15 to 2018/19. NHS Commissioning Board. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/5yr-strat-plann-guid.pdf [Accessed 12 Sep 2024].

Government/NGO Reports

These are slightly different - see section above.

Give the following information.

Author (Year) Title of dissertation/thesis. Document type. Name of University. URL (if it can be accessed online) [Accessed date].

Stern, B. H. (2013) The impact of leadership on school improvement. EdD thesis. The University of Hull. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8431 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Walsh, R. J. (1977) Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy 1467-1477 and Italy. PhD thesis. The University of Hull.

When referencing texts such as the bible, Qur'an or Torah, include the following information:

Title of the version you have used (Year) Translated by name of translater (if given). Publisher.

The Holy Bible: Authorised King James Version (2011) Harper Collins.

The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) (2004) Translated by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press.

The Torah: the five books of Moses (2000) Translated by J.P.S. and Moshe Greenberg. The Jewish Publication Society.

PDF documents are nearly always accessed online, and so you can point readers to the URL along with other information. If the URL is unavailable (for instance if you have been emailed it) just give as much information as you have or can find.

Author(s) (Year) Title of document. Publisher if known. URL [Accessed date].

Godin, S. (2012) Stop stealing dreams: what is school for? Do You Zoom, Inc. https://www.sethgodin.com/sg/docs/stopstealingdreamsscreen.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

H. M. Government (2010) The coalition: our programme for government. Cabinet Office. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/coalition_programme_for_government.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

For leaflets, handouts, flyers etc just provide what information you can:

Author/organisation (Year) Title of document. Other useful details.

University of Hull (2012) Learning, Teaching and Student Experience Strategy 2012-15 [Booklet]. University of Hull.

The Deep (2014) The Deep: for conservation not profit [Leaflet].

Archive material is often unique: books could be annoted etc which means that the collection that they came from is equally as important as the document details.

Author/organisation (Year) Title of document, Edition and publisher information if relevant [Medium]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, location, name of library/archive).

Larkin, P. A. (1950) Workbook No 1 [Manuscript]. Papers of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DPL/1/1, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

Smyth, R. & Thuilier, H. E. L. (1855) A manual of surveying for India: detailing the mode of operations on trigonametrical, topographical and revenue surveys of India, 2nd Edition. W. Thacker and Co. [Book]. Monograph, mg NO2/24Z3, Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers Archive. London.

Wilberforce, W. (1816) Letter to James Thomson Esq [Letter]. William Wilberforce letters, L DFWW/1/10, Hull Local Studies Library, Hull History Centre.

Working papers may also be known as briefing papers, discussion papers or research papers. They are created to generate discussion within a particular community (research area, business area etc). They are often the pre-publication versions of papers that are waiting to be accepted in journals but some are written purely for circulation as they are. Note that they are not peer-reviewed.

Some working papers do not give a lot of information - just give as much as you can following this basic format.

Author (Year) Title of the working paper (Series title and number if there is one). Publisher (if given). URL [Accessed date].

Kaplan, R. S. (2018) Reverse the curse of the top-5 (Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper No. 19-052). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3274782 [Accessed 24 Feb 2024].

Harrison, R. & Thomas, R. (2019) Monetary financing with interest-bearing money (Staff Working Paper No. 785). Bank of England. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2019/monetary-financing-with-interest-bearing-money [Accessed 22 Mar 2024].

First, please note that a website URL is NEVER a suitable reference on its own. Dates can often be found in copyright information at the bottom of the page. If a range is given, use the later year. Use n.d. if no date is given at all.

Author(s) or company name (Year) Title of web page in sentence case*. URL [Accessed date].

Individual Author(s)

Reynolds, G. (2021) Design tips. https://www.garrreynolds.com/design-tips/ [Accessed 27 Mar 2024].

Group or company author

University of Hull (2024) Model publication scheme. https://www.hull.ac.uk/legal/model-publication-scheme [Accessed 26 Mar 2024].

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*Sentence case means you only capitalise the first word and any proper nouns.

Blogs are often unsubstantiated opinions and should be used with appropriate criticality as academic references. However, some reputable, published authors have their own blogs which can provide useful, up to date comments and insights. Include the following information:

Author (Year) Title of blog post [Blog post]. Title of website or blog. Day and month of post. URL [Accessed date].

Thompson, P. (2020) Reading against the literatures [Blog post]. Patter. 13 June. https://patthomson.net/2020/01/27/im-writing-a-journal-article-what-literatures-do-i-choose/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Reynolds, G. (2021) Presentation advice from Master Yoda [Blog post]. Garr Reynolds Blog. 10 November. https://www.garrreynolds.com/blog/presentation-advice-from-master-yoda [Accessed 6 Aug 2024].

Note - Some bloggers give permalinks to individual posts and these should be used for URLs if possible.

Quite often you are referring to an answer rather than a question in a forum, however, it is the question that you reference in this case. Always check the expertise of the answerer and use with caution and criticality. Author names are usually aliases, type them as they appear.

Author (Date) Title of post (often a question). Title of Forum. Day and Month of post. URL [Accessed date].

jlawler (2014) Can the term "homorganic" be applied to vowels and glides? Linguistics Stack Exchange. 8 August. https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/8764/can-the-term-homorganic-be-applied-to-vowels-and-glides [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is often shorter than the one in the address bar (you can even delete everything after the '?' in the link):

Name of person posting video (Year uploaded) Title of video, Series title if relevant [Video]. URL [Accessed Date].

Tunalioglu, M. E. (2011) Richard Phillips Feynman - The Last Journey of a Genius [Video]. https://youtu.be/Mn4_40hAAr0 [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Harvard University (2009) Episode 02: Putting a price tag on life, Justice: What's the right thing to do? [Video]. https://youtu.be/0O2Rq4HJBxw [Accessed 9 Aug 2024].

For other social media, adapt whichever of the following is most appropriate.

Facebook

If your reader needs to register (and be accepted) to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work.

Author (Year) Title of Page (could just be author's timeline) [Facebook]. Day and month posted. URL [Accessed date].

Reynolds, G. (2024) Garr Reynolds Timeline [Facebook]. 17 July. https://www.facebook.com/garr.reynolds [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

RSPB (2024) How to put up a swift nest box [Facebook]. 31 July. https://www.facebook.com/TheRSPB [Accessed 9 Aug 2024].

X

Author (Year) Full text of post (as written) [X]. Day and month posted. URL [Accessed date].

Glass, N. (2009) wondering just how far this moment is from dreams I've had. it all feels vaguely familiar yet completely foreign. resisting tears. so tired [X]. 30 March. https://twitter.com/noah/status/1422661056 [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

If your reader needs to subscribe to see the entries you are referring to, and you are not quoting them in full within your text, it is wise to include a copy of the actual text as an appendix to your work. In this case, add 'see appendix n' after your in-text citation.

Author (Year) Subject line. Title of mailing list. Day and Month of message. URL [Accessed date].

Keenan, C. (2014) Peer led academic learning and disability. Learning Development in Higher Education Network. 8 August. ldhen@jiscmail.ac.uk [Accessed 13 Jul 2024].

Always check first that referring to AI generated text or images is permitted in your work. If it is, include the following information:

Communicator (Year) Description of communication [Communication type]. Prompted by name/handle (if not self). Date and time of communication.

Hotpot (2023) Monkey fighting a crab [AI generated image]. Prompted by Li Chen. 18 April 2023, 15:10.

When you use any form of secondary data in your assignment, you need to reference the data source. In your reference list, give as much of the following information as is relevant (you can find a lot of the information when you view your basket):

Creator/Producer (Year) Data or dataset title [data format], Product or database or repository or website name, version or date or identifier. Publisher. DOI if present.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022) Japan: Gross domestic product, expenditure approach [Table], National Accounts of OECD Countries , 2022(2). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3e073951-en

Gallup, G. H. (ed) (1976) 1943, January, Bread rationing [Book]. The Gallup international public opinion polls, Great Britain 1937-1975 , 71, Random House.

Citing data as part of a self-made graph, chart or other visual

If you have used secondary data to produce a graph, chart or other visual, you should cite both the data and the tool(s) you used. Caption your figure with 'Created with (Software), data from (Producer, Year: page number(s))'.

When you use any form of secondary data in your assignment, you need to reference the data source. In your reference list, give as much of the following information as is relevant (you can find a lot of the information when you view your basket):

Creator/Producer (Year) Data or dataset title [data format] Product or database or repository or website name,, version or date or identifier. URL or DOI [Downloaded date].

University of Hull (2018) Raw dune PIV data [MATLAB], University of Hull Hydra Digital Repository, hull:16477. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16477 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Pearson, L. F. (1981) Hull Low Energy Housing Project: Social survey [Data collection], UK Data Service, SN: 1589. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-1589-1 [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Office for National Statistics (2024) Gross domestic product: quarter on quarter growth: CVM SA % [Excel spreadsheet]. Census 2021, Release 28 June 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ihyq/qna/previous [Downloaded 18 Jul 2024].

Citing data as part of a self-made graph, chart or other visual

If you have used secondary data to produce a graph, chart or other visual, you should cite both the data and the tool(s) you used. Caption your figure with 'Created with (Software), data from (Producer, Year: page number(s))'.

When you create a map that you include in your assignment, you only need to reference the data source and the tool you used (it is your own work after all). Caption your figure with 'Created with (Software), data from (Producer, Year)'. In your reference list, give as much as the following information as is relevant (you can find a lot of the information when you view your basket):

Producer (Version Year) Scale, Tile(s) [data format]. Product name, date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Ordnance Survey (2013) 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055 [DWG geospacial data]. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

British Geological Survey (2013) 1:50 000, Tile TA41 [Shapefile geospacial data]. Onshore Geology, 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

You should reference every photograph you use unless you took it yourself. Give the following information:

Online photographs

Photographer (Surname, Initials if available, username if not) (Year) Title of photograph (or description if none available) [Photograph]. URL [Accessed date].

keithhull (2009) Hull is the new UK City of Culture for 2017 [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/21506908@N07/3478651395 [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Harrop, P. (2012) Plinth and Maritime Museum, Hull [Photograph]. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2843877 [Accessed 14 Sep 2024].

Prints, slides or negatives (in known collections)

Photographer (Year) Title of photograph in italics [Photograph]. Whatever collection details are available (i.e. name of collection, reference numbers, location, name of library/archive).

Larkin, P. A. (1970s) Negative of [Monica Jones] on a ferry [Photograph]. Photographs of Philip Arthur Larkin, U DLV/2/1/30, Hull University Archives, Hull History Centre.

Watson, R. T. (1906) Hull City Football Team 1906-7 taken at Anlaby Road Hull the City football ground [Photograph]. Records of the Copyright Office, Stationers' Company, Copy 1/506/148, The National Archives, Kew.

Prints, slides or negatives (not in collections)

Photographer (Year) Title of photograph (or description if none available) [Photograph]. Publisher (if available/relevant).

Bartram, J. A. (2012) Bluebells in North Cliffe Woods [Photograph].

If the illustration/figure/table is created by the author (basically not attributed to anyone else) then just cite the book as normal, giving the appropriate page number. If the image is attributed to someone else, the in-text citation would include both the person responsible for the image and the author(s) of the book:

Michel Eienne Turgot and Louis Bretez's Plan de Paris (in Tufte, 1990:36) is a classic example of ...

The reference list entry would then just be for the book itself:

Tufte, E. R. (1990) Envisioning information. Graphics Press.

Give as much as the following information as you can find (online information optional):

Artist (Year) Title of cartoon [Cartoon]. Title of publication, Day and Month. URL [Accessed date].

Rawson, M. (2014) Wealth inequality [Cartoon]. The Guardian, 29 July. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cartoon/2014/jul/29/martin-rowson-rich-wealth-good-inequality-cuts [Accessed 14 Aug 2024].

Give as much of the following information as you can find. If available online, add URL [Accessed date]:

Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution/collection, City (or Location, Exhibition, dates of exhibition).

Denison, T. (n.d.) Clippers on the Humber [Original Watercolour]. Myton Gallery, Hull.

Cook, B. (2008) Tommy Dancing [Oil]. Hull Maritime Museum, Working Hard, Playing Hard, 5 April - 8 June 2014.

Gold, B. (1979) Alien [Poster]. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11145730/Alien-Ridley-Scott-poster.html [Accessed 15 Aug 2024].

Include as much of the following information as you can find:

Artist (Year) Title of the work (exclude year if given) [Medium]. Name of collection/exhibition information or Location (include date seen for temporary installations).

Moore, H. S. (1968) Large Totem Head [Bronze Sculpture]. Yorkshire Sculpture Park.

Producoes, S. (2013) Colourful Canopies of Umbrellas [Installation]. Agueda, Portugal, July 2013.

Ordnance Survey map

Ordnance Survey (Year) Title of map, Edition if not first [Map]. Map/sheet number, Scale. Map series if appropriate. Publisher if different from author.

Ordnance Survey (2006) Kingston Upon Hull, C2 edition [Map]. 107, 1:50 000. Landranger series.

Other map

Map producer (Year) Title of map, Edition if not first [Map]. Map/sheet number, Scale. Publisher (if different from author).

International Travel Maps (2008) South America, , 5^th edition [Map]. ITM.875, 1:4 000 000. Richmond, BC: ITMB Publishing.

Max, M. D., Long, C. B. & MacDermot, C. V. (1992) Bedrock Geology of North Mayo [Map], Sheet 6, 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Ireland.

Atlas

Reference as a standard book, giving scales if relevant. For a specific page, include the page number at the end of the in-text citation only.

Butler, R. (1959) Atlas of Kenya. Survey of Kenya.

Bossard, L. (2009) Regional atlas on West Africa [eBook]. OECD Publishing.

Digimap (viewed, annoted or printed)

Digimap does have a citation generator, but this provides a citation that is not consistent with the rest of our scheme so we do not recommend you use it (although it can sometimes be useful to confirm information).

Digimaps are generated by you, so you will have to give a description of the the map that makes it clear what it is showing as its title. Other information can be found by clicking on Map Information on the left of your screen or for some services, clicking the Sheet Information button (i) and then clicking on the map. The publisher is usually the copyright holder (check the bottom of the map). The citation year should be from the map date, if no map date is available, use the copyright date.

Map publisher (Year) Title/description of map [Map]. Scale. Source (Map Product). URL [Created on date].

Ordnance Survey (2014) Kingston upon Hull [Map]. 1:100 000. EDINA Digimap (OS Strategi). https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Landmark Information Group (1971) Barmby Moor, East Yorkshire [Map]. 1:2 500. National Grid Tile SE7748. EDINA Historic Digimap Service. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Natural Environment Research Council (2014) Vale of Pickering [Map]. 1:50 000. EDINA Geology Digimap Service (British Geological Survey). https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Created 18 Sep 2024].

Map created using GIS software

When you create a map that you include in your assignment, you only need to reference the data source and the tool you used (it is your own work after all). Caption your figure with 'Created with (Software), data from (Producer, Year)'. In your reference list, give as much as the following information as is relevant (you can find a lot of the information when you view your basket):

Producer (Version Year) Scale, Tile(s) [Data format]. Product name, version/date. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded date].

Ordnance Survey (2013) 1:50 000, Tiles SE7954, SE7955, SE8054, SE8055 [DWG geospacial data]. OS MasterMap, December 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

British Geological Survey (2013) [Shapefile geospacial data] 1:50 000, Tile TA41. Onshore Geology, version: 2013. https://edina.ac.uk/digimap [Downloaded 21 Aug 2024].

Google maps/Bing maps

URLs can be found for specific map views by clicking the Share button in each case. In Bing maps the URL is shown, in Google maps you will need to right-click on the Google Maps link (if you have searched, the link may be your search term) and and choose to copy the link address.

Map provider (Copyright date) Description of map [Map], View information. URL [Accessed date].

Google Maps (2014) Humber Dock Marina [Map], Satellite view. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@53.73926,-0.3387019,622m/data=!3m1!1e3 [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Bing Maps (2014) The University of Hull campus [Map], Bird's eye view. https://binged.it/1tkVlri [Accessed 22 Aug 2024].

Give as for the film or TV show (see section below) but make it clear in square brackets that the resource is a still.

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Still from film]. 20th Century Fox.

Chapter 2 (2014) House of Cards, season 1, episode 2. Directed by David Fincher. Written by Beau Willimon [Still from TV Programme]. Netflix, 1 February.

Many referencing systems suggest that you need to include a place of distribution. However, this is rarely available on DVDs etc so we suggest you just put the distributor/studio which can usually be found on the reverse. If a place is available, include it before a colon as with publisher information.

Film

Title in italics (Year of release) Directed by Director name [Medium]. Studio/Distributer.

Good Morning, Vietnam (1988) Directed by Barry Levinson [DVD]. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

Good Will Hunting (2011) Directed by Gus Van Sant [Blu-ray]. Lions Gate Home Entertainment.

TV programme

Title (Year of distribution). Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium]. Distributer.

In the Wild: Dolphins with Robin Williams (1998) Directed by Nigel Cole [VHS]. NTV.

Episode of a TV programme

Episode title (Year of distribution) Programme title, series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [Medium]. Place of distribution: Distributer.

Old Fears (1979) Mork & Mindy, season 2, episode 12. Directed by Howard Storm. Written by April Kelly [DVD]. Los Angeles: Paramount.

 

Extra commentaries

If extra commentaries by directors/producers/actors etc are given on a DVD/Blu-ray you would reference using the person's name rather than the title:

Commentator (Year) Director's (or other) commentary. Title of Film. Version if needed. Directed by Director name [Medium]. Studio/Distributer.

Snyder, Z. (2009) Director's commentary. Watchmen, Director's Cut, Special Edition. Directed by Zach Snyder [Blu-ray]. Warner Bros.

McCarthy T., Powers, J. & Thompson, D. (2004) Critics' commentary. The Ultimate Matrix Collection. Directed by the Wachowski Brothers [DVD collection]. Warner Bros.

Dates given in brackets should be the original broadcast year (the copyright year given at the end of the programme). You may be able to find this and information such as writers etc on something like IMDb if you do not have the credits recorded. The broadcast date is the broadcast that you actually watched (except for online subscription-only programmes, in which case it is the release date).

TV programme

Title (Year of first broadcast). Directed by Director name (if known). Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme]. TV channel (or service if online only), broadcast day and month, time.

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling (2014) [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August, 20:30.

If you are quoting a specific person on a programme, you can include their name first and cite them directly in the text instead of the programme name i.e. (Salmond, 2014):

Salmond, A. (2014) Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling (2014) [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August, 20:30.

Episode of a TV programme

Episode title (Year of first broadcast) Programme title, series and episode numbers. Directed by Director name. Written by Writer name (if known) [TV Programme]. TV channel (or service if online only). Broadcast day and month, time.

The Empty Chair (2014) The Honourable Woman, season 1, episode 1. Directed by Hugo Blick. Written by Hugo Blick [TV Programme]. BBC TWO. 3 July, 21:00.

Chapter 2 (2014) House of Cards, season 1, episode 2. Directed by David Fincher. Written by Beau Willimon [TV Programme]. Netflix, 1 February.

Programmes/episodes watched via Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources:

Scotland decides: Salmond versus Darling (2014) [TV Programme]. BBC TWO, 25 August, 20:30. https://bobnational.net/record/236557 [Accessed 30 Aug 2024].

Radio programme

This is the same as for TV programmes but use [Radio Programme] instead:

In Tune (2014) [Radio Programme]. BBC Radio 3, 18 August, 16:30.

Skomer (2006) Afternoon Play. Written by Mike Akers [Radio Programme]. BBC Radio 4, 30 October, 14:15. https://bobnational.net/record/215 [Accessed 18 Aug 2024].

If you are quoting a specific person on the programme, you can include their name first and cite them directly in the text instead of the programme name i.e. (Rafferty, 2014):

Rafferty, S. In Tune (2014) [Radio Programme]. BBC Radio 3, 18 August, 16:30.

Film, cinema release or TV

Title in italics (Year of release) Directed by Director name [Film]. Studio/Distributer.

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. 20th Century Fox.

Film, seen on Box of Broadcasts

Please DO NOT cite these using the information given in the How to cite this tab underneath the broadcast window. Instead, just add the URL and access information as with other online resources. If distributer information is cut off the end by the TV channel, try looking on IMDb (Company Credits link):

Title in italics (Year of release) Directed by Director name [Film]. Studio/Distributer. URL [Accessed date].

The Birds (1963) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film]. Universal Pictures. https://bobnational.net/record/234816 [Accessed 15 Sep 2024].

If the author or presenter of the podcast is not known, use the organisation or website name instead. Sometimes you need to work out the year as it may give the last updated information as '4 years ago' or something similar.

Author/Presenter (Year last updated) Title of podcast. Name of Web page [Podcast]. Day and month of post if shown. URL [Accessed date].

Harford, T. (2014) Student loans. More or Less: Behind the Stats [Podcast]. 15 August. https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/moreorless/moreorless_20140815-1655c.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Heaversedge, J. (2010) What is mindfulness? Mental Health Foundation [Podcast]. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/content/assets/audio/what-is-mindfulness-mp3.mp3 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

Fearless Social (2014) How to use magazines to write better Facebook ads. Fearless Social: Social Marketing Evolved [Podcast]. 7 August. https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/fearless-social-social-marketing/id904864342?mt=2 [Accessed 19 Aug 2024].

When referencing a YouTube video, it is the name of the person who posted the video, not who made it that you reference (these can be the same or different). Use the URL that you get when you click the 'Share' link as it is shorter than the one in the URL box:

Name of person posting video (Year uploaded) Title of video, Series title if relevant [Video]. URL [Accessed Date].

Tunalioglu, M. E. (2011) Richard Phillips Feynman - The Last Journey of a Genius [Video]. https://youtu.be/Mn4_40hAAr0 [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Harvard University (2009) Episode 02: Putting a price tag on life, Justice: What's the right thing to do? [Video]. https://youtu.be/0O2Rq4HJBxw [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Most presentations you will reference will be accessed online, so reference as follows:

Author(s) (Year uploaded). Title of presentation [Presentation]. URL [Accessed date].

Brenman, J. (2008) Thirst [Presentation]. https://www.slideshare.net/jbrenman/thirst [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Duarte, N. (2014) Slidedocs: spread ideas with effective visual documents [Presentation]. https://www.duarte.com/slidedocs [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

If you accessed the presentations via other means, omit the URL and accessed date.

If accessed online, include the URL – otherwise just give publisher information.

Author/Creator (Year). Title [Video game]. Publisher (if there is one). URL [Accessed date] (if appropriate).

Galactic Café (2013) The Stanley Parable [Video game]. https://store.steampowered.com/app/221910/The_Stanley_Parable [Accessed 8 Aug 2024].

Year should be the copyright year on the score itself, not the date the composition was written. If no year is given on scanned online scores (for instance on IMSLP), use (n.d). If no date is given on modern works, use the uploaded or last updated date. Editor or arranger information is not always relevant.

Individual score (print)

Composer (Year of publication) Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information. Publisher.

Stravinsky, I. (1967) Rite of spring: pictures from pagan Russia in two parts [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes.

Rimsky-Korsakoff, N. (1955) Trombone Concerto [Musical score]. Reduction for tenor trombone and piano by Harold Perry. Boosey & Hawkes.

Individual score (online)

Composer (Year) Title of score including work number if known [Musical score]. Editor or arranger information. Publisher (if given). URL [Accessed date].

Bach, J. S. (2008) Canon for Walther, BWV 1073 [Musical score]. Edited by Alfred Dorffel. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartel. https://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/188975 [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

Raboud-Theurillat, M. (2005) Saisons, op 40 [Musical score]. https://www.free-scores.com/PDFSUP_EN/raboud-theurillat-marie-christine-saisons-saisons-flute-67951.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 8 2024].

Scores that are part of collected works

Composer (Year of publication) Title of score, Title of collection [Musical score]. Publisher. URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

Britten, B (1960) How sweet the answer (The Wren), Folksong Arrangements, Vol 4 , Moore's Irish Melodies [Musical score]. Boosey & Hawkes.

Scores that are part of anthologies

Composer (Year of publication) Title of score. In Editor name (ed) Title of anthology [Musical score]. City published: Publisher. Available online: URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

Handel, G. F. (1902) Deborah. In Spicker, M. (ed) Anthology of sacred song, Vol 1 (Soprano) [Musical score]. G. Shirmer. https://conquest.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/e/e9/IMSLP38723-PMLP85325-VA_-_Anthology_of_Sacred_Songs._Vol1-soprano.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug 2024].

CD, audio cassette or vinyl

If dates are not available on older vinyl recordings, use (n.d.)

Composer (Year of release) Title of work. Title of Album if different to work. Performer/orchestra conducted by Conductor name (if relevant) [Medium]. Distributor/Label.

Elgar, E. (1995) Cello Concerto, Op 85, Enigma Variations. Philadelphia Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and Jacqueline Du Pré conducted by Daniel Barenboim [CD]. Sony Music Classical.

Bach, J. S. (2012) Variato 8. A 2 Clav. Glenn Gould plays Bach, Goldberg Variationen [Vinyl]. Membran Media.

Streamed or downloaded

It is necessary to give specific information about where you streamed music from if it is ONLY available through that method. Otherwise, just give as much of the above information as your streaming service gives or you can find elsewhere (the same recording may be available on Amazon for instance). Downloaded music should always give a URL.

Debussy, C. (2005) La Mer. Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Simon Rattle [Streamed]. EMI Records Ltd.

Sibelius, J. (n.d.) Valse Triste. Erik Helling [Download]. https://d19bhbirxx14bg.cloudfront.net/sibelius-valsetriste-helling.mp3 [Accessed 28/ Aug 2024].

Single artists have names that are reversed (Surname, Initials). Band names are unchanged. Single artists with non-standard names (Lady Gaga, Jessie J, P Diddy etc) should be treated as band names:

Album

Artist (Year) Title of album [Media]. (Version if needed.) Label.

Gaye, M. (1971) What's Going On [Vinyl]. Tamla Records.

Iron Maiden (1998) Powerslave [Audio CD]. Enhanced, original recording remastered. EMI.

Album track

Artist (Year) Title of track. Title of album [Media].(Version if needed.) Label.

Blondie (1978) Hanging on the telephone. Parallel Lines [Vinyl]. Chrysalis Records.

Smith, S. (2014) Like I can. In the Lonely Hour [Audio CD]. Deluxe Edition. Capitol Records.

Streamed or downloaded

It is necessary to give specific information about where you streamed music from if it is ONLY available through that method. Otherwise, just give as much of the above information as your streaming service gives or you can find elsewhere (the same recording may be available on Amazon for instance). Downloaded music should always give a URL.

Artist (Year) Title of track. Title of album or equivalent [Media]. Label. URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

Davis, M. (2005) Rouge, Boblicity: Original recordings 1949-1953 [Streamed]. Naxos Rights International Ltd.

Macklemore & Lewis, R. (2013) Starting Over, Spotify Sessions [Streamed]. https://play.spotify.com/album/3LwV3QIDQopbgERx5XJnBz [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Lyrics

Songwriter(s) (Year) Title of Song [Lyrics]. Track and album information if relevant. Distribution company or label if known. URL [Accessed date].

Taupin, B. (1973) Candle in the wind [Lyrics]. Track 11, Diamonds (Deluxe). MCA Records. https://genius.com/Elton-john-candle-in-the-wind-lyrics [Accessed 13 Aug 2024].

Geldof, B. & Ure, M. (1984) Do they know it's Christmas? [Lyrics]. https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bandaid20/dotheyknowitschristmas.html [Accessed 28 Aug 2024].

Libretto

These are usually published separately so have publisher details:

Author name(s) (Year) Title of publication [Libretto]. Edition or version if necessary. Publisher.

Sondheim, S. & Wheeler, H. (1991) Sweeney Todd [Libretto]. NHB Libretti, new edition. Nick Hern Books.

Liner notes are text found on the covers or inner sleeves of vinyl albums or on the little booklets that come inside CDs etc. These can be physical or electronic (for instance if you download an album). Sometimes they do not have individual titles, in which case just leave this out and move the [Liner notes] label to after the recording title.

Author (Year) Title of notes [Liner notes], Title of recording [Media]. Label. URL [Accessed date] (if relevant).

The Damned (1977) Thanks to no-one [Liner notes], Damned Damned Damned [Audio CD]. Stiff Records.

Cott, J. (2013) Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps. Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic [Audio CD]. Sony Masterworks.

Bowie, D. (1972) [Liner notes]. Aladdin Sane. RCA Records. http://albumlinernotes.com/Aladdin_Sane.html [Accessed 24 Aug 2024].

Composer (Year of performance) Title. Name of orchestra/musician. Conducted by Conductor (if relevant). Place of performance, Date of performance.

Strauss, R. (2014) Elektra. BBC Singers and the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Semyon Bychkov. Royal Albert Hall, 31 August 2014.

Composer or choreographer (Year of performance) Title. Dance company. Location, Date seen.

Bourne, M. (2014) Lord of the Flies. New Adventures Dance Company. Sadler's Wells, London, 8 October 2014.

In contrast to other live performances, the title of the play is given first, not the playwright.

Title by Author (Year of performance) Directed by Director (or Theatre Company). Location, Date seen.

That's All You Need to Know by Idle Motion (2014) Hull Truck Theatre, 19 September 2014.

The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde (2014) Directed by Lucy Bailey. Harold Pinter Theatre, 18 July 2014.

Speeches often have their transcripts published online or are available on YouTube, in which case you can also give the appropriate URL. Omit this if you do not have it.

Speaker (Year) Title of speech [Speech or Speech Transcript]. Date of speech, Location of speech (if not given in title). URL [Accessed date].

Johnson, B. (2020) PM speech in Greenwich [Speech transcript]. 3 February. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020 [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].

Obama, B. (2008) A perfect union [Speech]. 18 March, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia. https://youtu.be/zrp-v2tHaDo> [Accessed 28 Mar 2024].